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Ionizacijske energije elementov (podatkovna stran)

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Številske vrednosti

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Za vsak atom je stolpec z oznako 1 prva ionizacijska energija za ionizacijo nevtralnega atoma, stolpec z oznako 2 je druga ionizacijska energija za odstranitev drugega elektrona iz iona +1, stolpec z oznako 3 je tretja ionizacijska energija za odstranitev tretjega elektron iz iona +2 itd.

"uporaba" in "WEL" podajata ionizacijsko energijo v enoti kJ/mol; "CRC" podaja molarno ionizacijsko energijo v enoti eV.[1]

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
1 H vodik[2][3]
uporaba1312,0
WEL1312,0
CRC13,59844[4]
2 He helij[2][3]
uporaba2372,35250,5
WEL2372,35250,5
CRC24,58738[5]54,41776[5]
3 Li litij[2][3]
uporaba520,27298,111815,0
WEL520,27298,111815,0
CRC5,39171[6]75,64009[7]122,45435[8]
4 Be berilij[2][3]
uporaba899,51757,114848,721006,6
WEL899,51757,114848,721006,6
CRC9,32269[9]18,21115153,89620217,71858
5 B bor
uporaba800,62427,13659,725025,832826,7
WEL800,62427,13659,725025,832826,7
CRC8,2980325,1548437,93064259,37521340,22580
6 C ogljik
uporaba1086,52352,64620,56222,73783147277,0
WEL1086,52352,64620,56222,73783147277,0
CRC11,2603024,3833247,887864,4939392,087489,99334
7 N dušik
uporaba1402,328564578,17475,09444,953266,664360
WEL1402,328564578,17475,09444,953266,664360
CRC14,5341429,601347,4492477,473597,8902552,0718667,046
8 O kisik
uporaba1313,93388,35300,57469,210989,513326,57133084078,0
WEL1313,93388,35300,57469,210989,513326,57133084078,0
CRC13,6180635,1173054,935577,41353113,8990138,1197739,29871,4101
9 F fluor
uporaba1681,03374,26050,48407,711022,715164,11786892038,1106434,3
WEL1681,03374,26050,48407,711022,715164,11786892038,1106434,3
CRC17,4228234,9708262,708487,1398114,2428157,1651185,186953,91121103,1176
10 Ne neon
uporaba2080,73952,361229371121771523819999,023069,5115379,5131432
WEL2080,73952,361229371121771523819999,023069,5115379,5131432
CRC21,564640,9632863,4597,12126,21157,93207,2759239,09891195,82861362,1995
11 Na natrij
uporaba495,845626910,395431335416613201172549628932141362159076
WEL495,845626910,395431335416613201172549628932141362
CRC5,1390847,286471,620098,91138,40172,18208,50264,25299,8641465,1211648,702
12 Mg magnezij
uporaba737,71450,77732,710542,5136301802021711256613165335458169988189368
WEL737,71450,77732,710542,5136301802021711256613165335458
CRC7,6462415,0352880,1437109,2655141,27186,76225,02265,96328,06367,501761,8051962,6650
13 Al aluminij
uporaba577,51816,72744,81157714842183792332627465318533847342647201266222316
WEL577,51816,72744,811577148421837923326274653185338473
CRC5,9857718,8285628,44765119,992153,825190,49241,76284,66330,13398,75442,002085,982304,1410
14 Si silicij
uporaba786,51577,13231,64355,51609119805237802928733878387264596250502235196257923
WEL786,51577,13231,64355,5160911980523780292873387838726
CRC8,1516916,3458533,4930245,14181166,767205,27246,5303,54351,12401,37476,36523,422437,632673,182
15 P fosfor
uporaba1011,819072914,14963,66273,92126725431298723590540950462615411059024271791296195
WEL1011,819072914,14963,66273,92126725431298723590540950
CRC10,4866919,769430,202751,443965,0251220,421263,57309,60372,13424,4479,46560,8611,742816,913069,842
16 S žveplo
uporaba999,62252335745567004,38495,82710731719366214317748710544606293068216311048337138
WEL999,62252335745567004,38495,827107317193662143177
CRC10,3600123,337934,7947,22272,594588,0530280,948328,75379,55447,5504,8564,44652,2707,013223,783494,1892
17 Cl klor
uporaba1251,2229838225158,665429362110183360438600439615106857119633637234178095352994380760
WEL1251,2229838225158,66542936211018336043860043961
CRC12,9676423,81439,6153,465267,897,03114,1958348,28400,06455,63529,28591,99656,71749,76809,403658,5213946,2960
18 Ar argon
uporaba1520,62665,8393157717238878111995138424076046186520025965366199729188247388576397605427066
WEL1520,62665,8393157717238878111995138424076046186
CRC15,7596227,6296740,7459,8175,0291,009124,323143,460422,45478,69538,96618,26686,10755,74854,77918,034120,88574426,2296
19 K kalij
uporaba418,830524420587779759590113431494416963,74861054490607306895075900830809340099710444880476063
WEL418,830524420587779759590113431494416963,748610
CRC4,3406631,6345,80660,9182,6699,4117,56154,88175,8174503,8564,7629,4714,6786,6861,19681033,44610,84934,046
20 Ca kalcij
uporaba589,81145,44912,4649181531049612270142061819120385571106341070110788908631094000104900111711494850527762
WEL589,81145,44912,464918153104961227014206181912038557110
CRC6,1131611,8717250,913167,2784,50108,78127,2147,24188,54211,275591,9657,2726,6817,6894,597410871157,85128,85469,864
21 Sc skandij
uporaba633,11235,02388,67090,688431067913310152501737021726241026632073010801608949097400105600117000124270547530582163
WEL633,11235,02388,67090,688431067913310152501737021726241026632073010801608949097400105600117000124270547530582163
CRC6,561512,7996724,7566673,489491,65110,68138,0158,1180,03225,18249,798687,36756,7830,8927,51009109412131287,975674,86033,712
22 Ti titan
uporaba658,81309,82652,54174,6958111533135901644018530208332557528125760158328090880100700109100117800129900137530602930639294
WEL658,81309,82652,54174,6958111533135901644018530208332557528125760158328090880100700109100117800129900137530602930
CRC6,828113,575527,491743,267299,30119,53140,8170,4192,1215,92265,07291,500787,84863,1941,910441131122113461425,46249,06625,82
23 V vanadij
uporaba650,91414283045076298,712363145301673019860222402467029730324468645094170102300112700121600130700143400151440661050699144
WEL650,91414283045076298,712363145301673019860222402467029730324468645094170102300112700121600130700143400151440
CRC6,746214,6629,31146,70965,2817128,13150,6173,4205,8230,5255,7308,1336,277896,0976106011681260135514861569,66851,37246,12
24 Cr krom
uporaba652,91590,62987474367028744,9154551782020190235802613028750342303706697510105800114300125300134700144300157700166090721870761733
WEL652,91590,62987474367028744,9154551782020190235802613028750342303706697510105800114300125300134700144300157700
CRC6,766516,485730,9649,1669,4690,6349160,18184,7209,3244,4270,8298,0354,8384,1681010,61097118512991396149616341721,47481,77894,81
25 Mn mangan
uporaba717,31509,03248494069909220115001877021400239602759030330331503888041987109480118100127100138600148500158600172500181380785450827067
WEL717,31509,03248494069909220115001877021400239602759030330331503888041987109480118100127100138600148500158600
CRC7,4340215,6399933,66851,272,495,6119,203194,5221,8248,3286,0314,4343,6403,0435,1631134,71224131714371539164417881879,98140,68571,94
26 Fe železo
uporaba762,51561,9295752907240956012060145802254025290280003192034830378404410047206122200131000140500152600163000173600188100195200851800895161
WEL762,51561,9295752907240956012060145802254025290280003192034830378404410047206122200131000140500152600163000
CRC7,902416,187830,65254,875,099,1124,98151,06233,6262,1290,2330,8361,0392,2457489,2561266135814561582168917991950202388289277,69
27 Co kobalt
uporaba760,4164832324950767098401244015230179592657029400324003660039700428004939652737134810145170154700167400178100189300204500214100920870966023
WEL760,4164832324950767098401244015230179592657029400324003660039700428004939652737134810145170154700167400
CRC7,881017,08333,5051,379,5102,0128,9157,8186,13275,4305336379411444511,96546,581397,21504,6160317351846196221192219,09544,110012,12
28 Ni nikelj
uporaba737,11753,0339553007339104001280015600186002167030970340003710041500448004810055101585701487001590001694001827001940002056002214002314909927181039668
WEL737,11753,033955300733910400128001560018600216703097034000371004150044800481005510158570148700159000169400
CRC7,639818,1688435,1954,976,06108133162193224,6321,0352384430464499571,08607,0615411648175618942011213122952399,210288,810775,40
29 Cu baker
uporaba745,51957,935555536770099001340016000192002240025600356003870042000467005020053700611006470216370017410018490019880021050022270023910024966010673581116105
WEL745,51957,9355555367700990013400160001920022400256003560038700420004670050200537006110064702163700174100
CRC7,7263820,2924036,84157,3879,8103139166199232265,3369401435484520557633670,58816971804191620602182230824782587,511062,3811567,617
30 Zn cink
uporaba906,41733,3383357317970104001290016800196002300026400299904049043800473005230055900597006730071200179100
WEL906,41733,3383357317970104001290016800196002300026400299904049043800473005230055900597006730071200179100
CRC9,394217,9644039,72359,482,6108134174203238274310,8419,74544905425796196987381856
31 Ga galij
uporaba578,81979,329636180
WEL578,81979,329636180
CRC5,9993020,514230,7164
32 Ge germanij
uporaba7621537,53302,144119020
WEL7621537,53302,144119020
CRC7,899415,9346234,224145,713193,5
33 As arzen
uporaba947,0179827354837604312310
WEL947,0179827354837604312310
CRC9,788618,63328,35150,1362,63127,6
34 Se selen
uporaba941,020452973,741446590788014990
WEL941,020452973,741446590788014990
CRC9,7523821,1930,820442,945068,381,7155,4
35 Br brom
uporaba1139,921033470456057608550994018600
WEL1139,921033470456057608550994018600
CRC11,8138121,83647,359,788,6103,0192,8
36 Kr kripton
uporaba1350,82350,435655070624075701071012138222742588029700338003770043100475005220057100618007580080400853009040096300101400111100116290282500296200311400326200
WEL1350,82350,43565507062407570107101213822274258802970033800377004310047500522005710061800758008040085300
CRC13,9996124,3598536,95052,564,778,5111,0125,802230,85268,2308350391447492541592641786833884937998105111511205,32928307032273381
37 Rb rubidij
uporaba403,0263338605080685081409570131201450026740
WEL403,0263338605080685081409570131201450026740
CRC4,1771327,2854052,671,084,499,2136150277,1
38 Sr stroncij
uporaba549,51064,241385500691087601023011800156001710031270
WEL549,51064,2413855006910876010230118001560017100
CRC5,694911,0301342,895771,690,8106122,3162177324,1
39 Y itrij
uporaba60011801980584774308970111901245014110184001990036090
WEL6001180198058477430897011190124501411018400
CRC6,217112,2420,5260,59777,093,0116129146,2191206374,0
40 Zr cirkonij
uporaba640,112702218331377529500
WEL640,112702218331377529500
CRC6,6339013,1322,9934,3480,348
41 Nb niobij
uporaba652,11380241637004877984712100
WEL652,11380241637004877984712100
CRC6,7588514,3225,0438,350,55102,057125
42 Mo molibden
uporaba684,315602618448052576640,81212513860158351798020190222192693029196524905500061400677007400080400870009340098420104400121900127700133800139800148100154500
WEL684,315602618448052576640,8121251386015835179802019022219269302919652490550006140067700740008040087000
CRC7,0924316,1627,1346,454,4968,8276125,664143,6164,12186,4209,3230,28279,1302,60544,057063670276783390296810201082126313231387144915351601
43 Tc tehnecij
uporaba70214702850
WEL70214702850
CRC7,2815,2629,54
44 Ru rutenij
uporaba710,216202747
WEL710,216202747
CRC7,3605016,7628,47
45 Rh rodij
uporaba719,717402997
WEL719,717402997
CRC7,4589018,0831,06
46 Pd paladij
uporaba804,418703177
WEL804,418703177
CRC8,336919,4332,93
47 Ag srebro
uporaba731,020703361
WEL731,020703361
CRC7,576221,4934,83
48 Cd kadmij
uporaba867,81631,43616
WEL867,81631,43616
CRC8,993816,9083237,48
49 In indij
uporaba558,31820,727045210
WEL558,31820,727045210
CRC5,7863618,869828,0354
50 Sn kositer
uporaba708,61411,82943,03930,37456
WEL708,61411,82943,03930,37456
CRC7,343914,6322530,5026040,7350272,28
51 Sb antimon
uporaba8341594,924404260540010400
WEL8341594,924404260540010400
CRC8,608416,5305125,344,256108
52 Te telur
uporaba869,31790269836105668682013200
WEL869,31790269836105668682013200
CRC9,009618,627,9637,4158,7570,7137
53 I jod
uporaba1008,41845,93180
WEL1008,41845,93180
CRC10,4512619,131333
54 Xe ksenon
uporaba1170,42046,43099,4
WEL1170,42046,43099,4
CRC12,129821,2097932,1230
55 Cs cezij
uporaba375,72234,33400
WEL375,72234,33400
CRC3,8939023,15745
56 Ba barij
uporaba502,9965,23600
WEL502,9965,23600
CRC5,2117010,00390
57 La lantan
uporaba538,110671850,348195940
WEL538,110671850,348195940
CRC5,576911,06019,177349,9561,6
58 Ce kirij
uporaba534,410501949354763257490
WEL534,410501949354763257490
CRC5,538710,8520,19836,75865,5577,6
59 Pr prazeodim
uporaba5271020208637615551
WEL5271020208637615551
CRC5,47310,5521,62438,9857,53
60 Nd neodim
uporaba533,1104021303900
WEL533,1104021303900
CRC5,525010,7322,140,41
61 Pm prometij
uporaba540105021503970
WEL540105021503970
CRC5,58210,9022,341,1
62 Sm samarij
uporaba544,5107022603990
WEL544,5107022603990
CRC5,643611,0723,441,4
63 Eu evropij
uporaba547,1108524044120
WEL547,1108524044120
CRC5,670411,24124,9242,7
64 Gd gadolinij
uporaba593,4117019904250
WEL593,4117019904250
CRC6,150112,0920,6344,0
65 Tb terbij
uporaba565,8111021143839
WEL565,8111021143839
CRC5,863811,5221,9139,79
66 Dy disprozij
uporaba573,0113022003990
WEL573,0113022003990
CRC5,938911,6722,841,47
67 Ho holmij
uporaba581,0114022044100
WEL581,0114022044100
CRC6,021511,8022,8442,5
68 Er erbij
uporaba589,3115021944120
WEL589,3115021944120
CRC6,107711,9322,7442,7
69 Tm tulij
uporaba596,7116022854120
WEL596,7116022854120
CRC6,1843112,0523,6842,7
70 Yb iterbij
uporaba603,41174,824174203
WEL603,41174,824174203
CRC6,2541612,176125,0543,56
71 Lu lutecij
uporaba523,513402022,343706445
WEL523,513402022,343706445
CRC5,425913,920,959445,2566,8
72 Hf hafnij
uporaba658,5144022503216
WEL658,5144022503216
CRC6,8250714,923,333,33
73 Ta element
uporaba7611500
WEL7611500
CRC7,5496
74 W volfram
uporaba7701700
WEL7701700
CRC7,8640
75 Re renij
uporaba760126025103640
WEL760126025103640
CRC7,8335
76 Os osmij
uporaba8401600
WEL8401600
CRC8,4382
77 Ir iridij
uporaba8801600
WEL8801600
CRC8,9670
78 Pt platina
uporaba8701791
WEL8701791
CRC8,958718,56328[10]
79 Au zlato
uporaba890,11980
WEL890,11980
CRC9,225520,530[10]
80 Hg živo srebro
uporaba1007,118103300
WEL1007,118103300
CRC10,4375018,75634,2
81 Tl talij
uporaba589,419712878
WEL589,419712878
CRC6,108220,42829,83
82 Pb svinec
uporaba715,61450,53081,540836640
WEL715,61450,53081,540836640
CRC7,4166615,032231,937342,3268,8
83 Bi bizmut
uporaba70316102466437054008520
WEL70316102466437054008520
CRC7,285616,6925,5645,356,088,3
84 Po polonij
uporaba812,1
WEL812,1
CRC8,417
85 At astat
uporaba899,003
WEL920
CRC
pogovor
Originally quoted as 9,31751(8) eV.
86 Rn radon
uporaba1037
WEL1037
CRC10,74850
87 Fr francij
uporaba380
WEL380
CRC4,0727
pogovorAndreev, S.V.; Letokhov, V.S.; Mishin, V.I. (1987). »Laser resonance photoionization spectroscopy of Rydberg levels in Fr«. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (12): 1274–76. Bibcode:1987PhRvL..59.1274A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1274. PMID 10035190. give 4,0712±0,00004 eV (392,811(4) kJ/mol)
88 Ra radij
uporaba509,3979,0
WEL509,3979,0
CRC5,278410,14716
89 Ac aktinij
uporaba4991170
WEL4991170
CRC5,1712,1
90 Th torij
uporaba587111019302780
WEL587111019302780
CRC6,306711,520,028,8
91 Pa [[protaktinij]
uporaba568
WEL568
CRC5,89
92 U uran
uporaba597,61420
WEL597,61420
CRC6,19405
93 Np neptun
uporaba604,5
WEL604,5
CRC6,2657
94 Pu plutonij
uporaba584,7
WEL584,7
CRC6,0262
95 Am americij
uporaba578
WEL578
CRC5,9738
96 Cm kirij
uporaba581
WEL581
CRC5,9915
97 Bk berkelij
uporaba601
WEL601
CRC6,1979
98 Cf kalifornij
uporaba608
WEL608
CRC6,2817
99 Es ajnštajnij
uporaba619
WEL619
CRC6,42
100 Fm fermij
uporaba627
WEL627
CRC6,50
101 Md mendelevij
uporaba635
WEL635
CRC6,58
102 No nobelij
uporaba642
WEL
CRC6,65
103 Lr lavrencij
uporaba470
WEL
CRC4,9
104 Rf raderfordij
uporaba580
WEL
CRC6,0

Opombe

[uredi | uredi kodo]
  • Vrednosti iz CRC so ionizacijske energije, podane v enoti eV ; druge vrednosti so molarne ionizacijske energije, podane v enoti kJ/mol . Prva od teh količin se uporablja v atomski fiziki, druga v kemiji, vendar se obe nanašata na isto osnovno lastnost elementa. Za pretvorbo iz "vrednosti ionizacijske energije" v ustrezno "vrednost molarne ionizacijske energije" je pretvorba takšna:
    1 eV = 96,48534 kJ / mol
    1 kJ / mol = 0,0103642688 eV [11]

Sklici

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  1. ↑ Lide, David R., ur. (2003–2004). »Section 10. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics«. Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th edition). CRC Press. str. 10-178 to 10-180. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 16. maja 2021. Pridobljeno 3. decembra 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Martin, W.C.; Musgrove, A.; Kotochigova, S.; Sansonetti, S.E. (september 2013). Kramida, Alexander (ur.). »Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for the Neutral Atoms«. U.S. Department of Commerce. nist.gov (v angleščini). Gaithersburg (MD): National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T42P4C. Pridobljeno 16. decembra 2020 – prek physics.nist.gov.{{navedi časopis}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (povezava)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Kramida, A.; Ralchenko, Y.U.; Reader, J.; in sod. (Oktober 2019). Ralchenko, Yuri (ur.). »Ionization Energies Data«. U.S. Department of Commerce. physics.nist.gov (v angleščini). Gaithersburg (MD): NIST Atomic Spectra Database. doi:10.18434/T4W30F.
  4. ↑ Mohr, P.J. (6. december 2019). »Energy Levels of Hydrogen and Deuterium«. U.S. Department of Commerce. nist.gov. Gaithersburg (MD): National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4V01G. Pridobljeno 16. decembra 2020 – prek physics.nist.gov.
  5. 1 2 Kandula, D.Z.; Gohle, C.; Pinkert, T.J.; Ubachs, W.; Eikerna, K.S.E. (8. april 2010). »Extreme Ultraviolet Frequency Comb Metrology«. Physical Review Letters (v angleščini). 105 (6): 063001. arXiv:1004.5110. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.105f3001K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.063001. PMID 20867977. S2CID 2499460.
  6. ↑ Bushaw, B.A.; Nörtershäuser, W.; Drake, G.W.F.; Kluge, H.F. (8. maj 2007). »Ionization energy of 6,7Li determined by triple-resonance laser spectroscopy«. Physical Review A (v angleščini). 75 (5): 8. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.75.052503. S2CID 9115632 – prek journals.aps.org.
  7. ↑ Drake, G.W.F. (Julij 1988). »Theoretical energies for the n=1 and 2 states of the helium isoelectronic sequence up to Z=100«. Canadian Journal of Physics (v angleščini). 66 (7): 586–611. Bibcode:1988CaJPh..66..586D. doi:10.1139/p88-100. S2CID 120975041.
  8. ↑ Erickson, G.W. (15. oktober 2009). »Energy Levels of One-Electron Atoms« (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (v angleščini). Davis: American Institute of Physics. 6 (3): 831–869. Bibcode:1977JPCRD...6..831E. doi:10.1063/1.555557. ISSN 0047-2689. OCLC 150326853. Pridobljeno 17. decembra 2020 – prek SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.
  9. ↑ Beigang, R.; Schmidt, D.; West, P.J. (1. november 1983). »LASER SPECTROSCOPY OF HIGH RYDBERG STATES OF LIGHT ALKALINE-EARTH ELEMENTS : Be AND Mg«. Le Journal de Physique Colloques. Optogalvanic Spectroscopy and its Applications (v angleščini). Berlin: Colloque International du C.N.R.S. 44 (C7): 229–237. doi:10.1051/jphyscol:1983719. S2CID 93347290. Pridobljeno 17. decembra 2020.[mrtva povezava]
  10. 1 2 https://dept.astro.lsa.umich.edu/~cowley/ionen.htm Arhivirano 2015-02-22 na Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ »arhivska kopija«. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 4. avgusta 2020. Pridobljeno 14. februarja 2021.

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