Verski pogledi Adolfa Hitlerja

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Verska prepričanja Adolfa Hitlerja, nemškega diktatorja od leta 1933 do 1945, so bila predmet razprave. Njegovo mnenje o verskih zadevah se je sčasoma precej spreminjalo. Na začetku svoje politične kariere je Hitler javno izražal naklonjeno mnenje o krščanstvu.[1][2] Nekateri zgodovinarji njegovo poznejšo držo opisujejo kot "protikrščansko".[3][4] Hitler je tudi kritiziral ateizem.[5]       

Hitler se je rodil katoliški materi, Klari Hitler, in je bil krščen v Rimskokatoliški cerkvi; njegov oče je bil svobodomislec in skeptik do katoliške cerkve.[6][7] Leta 1904 je bil poslan v rimskokatoliško katedralo v Linzu v Avstriji, kjer je živela družina. Po besedah ​​Johna Willarda Tolanda priče trdijo, da je moral Hitlerjev pokrovitelj birme "vleči besede iz njega … skoraj tako, kot da bi mu bila celotna birma odvratna".[8] Hitlerjev biograf John Toland meni, da je Hitler nosil v sebi svoj nauk, da so bili Judje morilci Boga. "Iztrebljanje je bilo torej mogoče izvesti brez kančka vesti, saj je deloval le kot maščevalna Božja roka" je dejal Toland. Rissmann ugotavlja, da po navedbah več prič, ki so živele s Hitlerjem v domu na Dunaju, ni nikoli več obiskoval maše ali prejemal zakramentov, potem ko je zapustil dom pri 18 letih.[9] Krieger trdi, da je Hitler zapustil katoliško cerkev, medtem ko je Hitlerjev zadnji tajnik trdil, da Hitler ni bil član nobene religije.[10] Otto Strasser je o diktatorju kritično izjavil: "Hitler je ateist." zaradi njegove vznemirljive simpatije do "Rosenbergovega poganstva".[11] Hitler je leta 1941 zasebno zagotovil generalu Gerhardu Engelu, da "je sedaj kot prej katoličan in da bo to zavedno ostal."[12]

V govoru v zgodnjih letih svoje vladavine je Hitler izjavil, da "ni katolik, ampak nemški kristjan".[13][14][15][16][17] Nemški kristjani so bili takrat protestantska skupina v Nemčiji, ki je podpirala nacistično ideologijo.[18] Hitler in nacistična stranka sta prav tako spodbujala "nekonfesionalno" pozitivno krščanstvo, gibanje, ki je zavračalo večino tradicionalnih krščanskih doktrin, kot je Jezusova božanskost, pa tudi judovske elemente, kot je Stara zaveza.[19][20][21] V eni pogosto citirani pripombi je Jezusa opisal kot »arijskega borca«, ki se je boril proti »moči in pretenzijam pokvarjenih farizejev« in judovskemu materializmu.[22]Hitler je pokazal naklonjenost tudi protestantizmu in luteranstvu z izjavo:[23] »Po meni bi Evangeličanska protestantska cerkev lahko postala uveljavljena cerkev, kot v Angliji«[24] ter da »veliki reformator Martin Luther ima zasluge za upor proti papežu in katoliški cerkvi«.[25]

Hitlerjev režim si je prizadeval za koordinacijo nemških protestantov v skupni protestantski rajhski cerkvi (vendar se je temu uprla Izpovedna cerkev) in se je zgodaj lotil odprave političnega katolištva.[26] Čeprav je bilo nacistično vodstvo izobčeno iz Katoliške cerkve, je Hitler sprejel sporazum rajha z Vatikanom, a ga je nato rutinsko ignoriral in dovolil preganjanje Katoliške cerkve.[27] Več zgodovinarjev je vztrajalo, da so na Hitlerja in njegov ožji krog vplivale druge vere. V hvalnici, ki ga je poslal prijatelju, ga je Hitler pozval, naj vstopi v Valhallo, vendar je kasneje izjavil, da bi bilo neumno ponovno vzpostaviti čaščenje Odina (ali Wotana) znotraj germanskega poganstva. Hitler je prevzel svastiko, sveti simbol hinduizma,[28] in menil, da bi bil islam združljiv z nemškim ljudstvom.[29] Nekateri zgodovinarji trdijo, da je bil pripravljen odložiti konflikte iz političnih razlogov in da so bili njegovi nameni sčasoma odpraviti krščanstvo v Nemčiji ali ga vsaj reformirati, da bi to ustrezalo nacističnemu pogledu.

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  1. ↑ Steigmann-Gall 2003, p. 265: "During the Kampfzeit and into the first years of the Third Reich, he maintained – both publicly and privately – that the movement bore some fundamental relationship to Christianity, as witnessed by his repeated intonations of positive Christianity and his repeated reference to the relevance, even priority, of Christian social ideas to his own movement. Then we see an apparent total rejection of those same ideas near the end."
  2. ↑ Hastings, Derek (2011). Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism (v angleščini). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199843459. While there is little doubt that Hitler was a staunch opponent of Christianity throughout the duration of the Third Reich, I would caution against viewing Hitler's religious identity in static terms. Rather, it seems to me that Hitler's religious stance underwent a significant evolution over time, particularly in an external-historical sense but quite possibly internally as well. Before the Beerhall Putsch, Hitler made public statements of devotion to his "Lord and Savior" that would never have been made – either publicly or privately – at a later date. […] At the same time, a shift is already visible in the pages of Mein Kampf away from energetic and open advocacy to a much more subdued tolerance of Christianity, a respect for the institutional strength of the Catholic Church, and a practical desire to avoid interconfessional squabbles within the movement.
  3. ↑ * Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; Harper Perennial Edition 1991; p. 219: "Hitler had been brought up a Catholic and was impressed by the organization and power of the Church... [but] to its teachings he showed only the sharpest hostility... he detested [Christianity]'s ethics in particular"
    • Ian Kershaw; Hitler: A Biography; Norton; 2008 ed; pp. 295–297: "In early 1937 [Hitler] was declaring that 'Christianity was ripe for destruction', and that the Churches must yield to the 'primacy of the state', railing against any compromise with 'the most horrible institution imaginable'"
    • Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547: Evans wrote that Hitler believed Germany could not tolerate the intervention of foreign influences such as the Pope and "Priests, he said, were 'black bugs', 'abortions in black cassocks'". Evans noted that Hitler saw Christianity as "indelibly Jewish in origin and character" and a "prototype of Bolshevism", which "violated the law of natural selection".
    • Richard Overy: The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004. p 281: "[Hitler's] few private remarks on Christianity betray a profound contempt and indifference".
    • A. N. Wilson; Hitler a Short Biography; Harper Press; 2012, p. 71.: "Much is sometimes made of the Catholic upbringing of Hitler... it was something to which Hitler himself often made allusion, and he was nearly always violently hostile. 'The biretta! The mere sight of these abortions in cassocks makes me wild!'"
    • Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler; Ebury Press; 2012; p. 135.; "There is no evidence that Hitler himself, in his personal life, ever expressed any individual belief in the basic tenets of the Christian church"
    • Derek Hastings (2010). Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 181 : Hastings considers it plausible that Hitler was a Catholic as late as his trial in 1924, but writes that "there is little doubt that Hitler was a staunch opponent of Christianity throughout the duration of the Third Reich."
    • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation); The Goebbels Diaries 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; ISBN 0241108934 : In his entry for 29 April 1941, Goebbels noted long discussions about the Vatican and Christianity, and wrote: "The Fuhrer is a fierce opponent of all that humbug".
    • Albert Speer; Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs; Translation by Richard and Clara Winston; Macmillan; New York; 1970; p. 123: "Once I have settled my other problem," [Hitler] occasionally declared, "I'll have my reckoning with the church. I'll have it reeling on the ropes." But Bormann did not want this reckoning postponed ... he would take out a document from his pocket and begin reading passages from a defiant sermon or pastoral letter. Frequently Hitler would become so worked up ... and vowed to punish the offending clergyman eventually ... That he could not immediately retaliate raised him to a white heat ..."
    • Hitler's Table Talk: "The dogma of Christianity gets worn away before the advances of science. Religion will have to make more and more concessions. Gradually the myths crumble. All that's left is to prove that in nature there is no frontier between the organic and the inorganic. When understanding of the universe has become widespread, when the majority of men know that the stars are not sources of light but worlds, perhaps inhabited worlds like ours, then the Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity."
  4. ↑ »Was Hitler religious? The Nazi leader hated Christianity as well as Judaism«. The Washington Post. 20. april 2019. Pridobljeno 11. junija 2022.
  5. ↑ Weikart, Richard (2016). Hitler's Religion: The Twisted Beliefs that Drove the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. str. unpaginated. ISBN 978-1621575511. It's true that Hitler's public statements opposing atheism should not be given too much weight, since they obviously served Hitler's political purposes to tar political opponents. However, in his private monologues, he likewise rejected atheism, providing further evidence that this was indeed his personal conviction. In July 1941, he told his colleagues that humans do not really know where the laws of nature come from. He continued, "Thus people discovered the wonderful concept of the Almighty, whose rule they venerate. We do not want to train people in atheism." He then maintained that every person has a consciousness of what we call God. This God was apparently not the Christian God preached in the churches, however, since Hitler continued, "In the long run National Socialism and the church cannot continue to exist together." The monologue confirms that Hitler rejected atheism, but it also underscores the vagueness of his conception of God. [...] While confessing faith in an omnipotent being of some sort, however, Hitler denied we could know anything about it. [...] Despite his suggestion that God is inscrutable and unfathomable, Hitler did sometimes claim to know something about the workings of Providence. [...] Perhaps even more significantly, he had complete faith that Providence had chosen him to lead the German people to greatness.
  6. ↑ Brendan Simms (2019). Hitler: A Global Biography. Basic Books. str. 21–. ISBN 978-1541618206.
  7. ↑ »Taufregister 03 – 103/03 ; Braunau am Inn ; Oberösterreich: Rk. Diözese Linz ; Österreich ; Matricula Online«. Matricula Online. 22. april 1889. Pridobljeno 7. oktobra 2021.
  8. ↑ Bullock (1991), p.26
  9. ↑ Rissmann, Michael (2001). Hitlers Gott: Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators. Zürich, München: Pendo, pp. 94–96; ISBN 978-3858424211.
  10. ↑ The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics. Oup USA. 2013. ISBN 978-0199738595.
  11. ↑ Weikart, Richard (22. november 2016). Hitler's Religion: The Twisted Beliefs that Drove the Third Reich. ISBN 978-1621575511.
  12. ↑ John Toland, "Adolf Hitler", 1992. p. 507.
  13. ↑ Rossol, Nadine; Ziemann, Benjamin (6. januar 2022). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic. ISBN 978-0198845775.
  14. ↑ Michalczyk, John J.; Bryant, Michael S.; Michalczyk, Susan A. (10. februar 2022). Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' and the Holocaust: A Prelude to Genocide. ISBN 978-1350185470.
  15. ↑ John S. Conway. Review of Steigmann-Gall, Richard, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. H-German, H-Net Reviews. June, 2003: John S. Conway considered that Steigmann-Gall's analysis differed from earlier interpretations only by "degree and timing", but that if Hitler's early speeches evidenced a sincere appreciation of Christianity, "this Nazi Christianity was eviscerated of all the most essential orthodox dogmas" leaving only "the vaguest impression combined with anti-Jewish prejudice..." which few would recognize as "true Christianity".
  16. ↑ Norman H. Baynes, ed. The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922–August 1939, Vol. 1 of 2, pp. 19–20, Oxford University Press, 1942
  17. ↑ Hitler, Adolf (1999). Mein Kampf. Ralph Mannheim, ed., New York: Mariner Books, pp. 65, 119, 152, 161, 214, 375, 383, 403, 436, 562, 565, 622, 632–633.
  18. ↑ Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. Univ of North Carolina Press. 9. november 2000. ISBN 978-0807860342.
  19. ↑ Hitler's Priests: Catholic Clergy and National Socialism. Cornell University Press. 14. april 2008. ISBN 978-1501757150.
  20. ↑ William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1990, p. 234.
  21. ↑ "Confessing Church" in Dictionary of the Christian Church, F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingston, eds.; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), pp. 235 f.
  22. ↑ Schramm, Percy Ernst (1978) "The Anatomy of a Dictator" in Hitler: The Man and the Military Leader. Detwiler, Donald S., ed. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Company. pp. 88–91. ISBN 089874962X; originally published as the introduction to Picker, Henry (1963) Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquarter ("Hitler's Table Talk")
  23. ↑ Steigmann-Gall 2003, str. 13–50, 252.
  24. ↑ Speer, Albert (1997). Inside the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. str. 95. ISBN 978-0684829494.
  25. ↑ Wood, Barry (2020). Invented History, Fabricated Power: The Narrative Shaping of Civilization and Culture. London: Anthem Press. str. 342. ISBN 978-1785274763.
  26. ↑ Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W. W. Norton & Company; London; p. 290.
  27. ↑ Ian Kershaw. Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edition; W.W. Norton & Company; London p. 661. Predloga:ISBN?
  28. ↑ Flags, Color, and the Legal Narrative: Public Memory, Identity, and Critique. Springer. 24. maj 2021. ISBN 978-3030328658.
  29. ↑ Hitler, Adolf (18. oktober 2013). Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944: Secret Conversations. Enigma Books. ISBN 9781929631667 – prek Google Books.

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