Lockheed P-38 Lightning
Lockheed P-38 Lightning | |
---|---|
P-38H Lightning | |
Vloga | lovsko letalo, spremljevalno letalo, jurišnik, nočni lovec, izvidniško letalo... |
Izvor | ZDA |
Proizvajalec/-ci | Lockheed Corporation |
Oblikovalec | Clarence "Kelly" Johnson |
Krstni polet | 27. januar 1939 |
Predstavljen | 1941 |
Upokojen | 1965 Honduraške letalske sile[1] |
Glavni uporabnik | USAAF |
Izdelovan | 1941–45 |
Število izdelanih | 10.037 |
Cena enote | 97.147 US$ leta 1944[2] |
Izpeljanke | Lockheed XP-49 Lockheed XP-58 |
Lockheed P-38 Lightning (Blisk) je bil ameriški dvomotorni lovec 2. svetovne vojne. Bil je tudi strmoglavec, jurišnik, spremljevalni lovec bombnikov, nočni lovec in izvidniško letalo.[3] Skupaj so zgradili nekaj več kot 10.000 letal. P-38 je bil lahko prepoznaven po dvojnem trupu, Nemci so mu dali vzdevek "Hudič z viličastim repom". S tem tipom letala sta 18. aprila 1943 v skrivni operaciji Vengeance (Maščevanje) pilota Rex T. Barber in Thomas G. Lanphier nad otokom Bougainville v Solomonovem otočju sestrelila osebno letalo, dvomotorni bombnik Mitsubishi G4M1 "Betty", velikega japonskega admirala Isorokuja Jamamota. Ostanki admiralovega letala so še danes vidni v džungli, kamor je strmoglavilo.
Uporabljali so ga na pacifiških in evropskih bojiščih. Do uvedbe P-51D Mustanga je bil glavno spremljevalno letalo ameriških bombnikov. P-38 je bil relativno tih med letom turbopolnilnika sta zelo zmanjšala hrup in močno povečala moč motorjev in zmogljivosti. Vidna sta ob koncu kril na zgornji strani obeh trupov. V tistem času so bili turbopolnilniki še vojaška tajnost.
S P-38 je letelo veliko ameriških asov: Richard I. Bong (40 zmag), Thomas B. McGuire (38 zmag) itn.
Specifikacije (P-38L)
[uredi | uredi kodo]Podatki iz Lockheed P-38 Lightning Pilot's Flight Manual[4]
Splošne karakteristike
- Posadka: pilot
- Dolžina: 37 ft 10 in (11,53 m) (11,53 m)
- Razpon kril: 52 ft 0 in (15,85 m) (15,85 m)
- Višina: 12 ft 10 in (3,91 m) (3,91 m)
- Površina kril: 327,5 sq ft (30,43 m²)
- Aeroprofil: NACA 23016 / NACA 4412
- Teža praznega letala: 12.800 lb (5.800 kg)
- Naložena teža: 17.500 lb (7.940 kg)
- Maks. vzletna teža: 21.600 lb (9.798 kg)
- Pogon letala: 2 trikraka propelerja (navzven vrteča) × 12 valjni V motor Allison V-1710-111/113 tekočinsko hlajen V-12 motor, 1.600 KM (1.193 kW) [5] vsak
- * Vitkost: 8,26
Zmogljivost
- Maks. hitrost: 414 mph (667 km/h) moč: 1.425 KM na 7.620 m
- Hitrost porušitve vzgona: 105 mph (169 km/h) (170 km/h)
- Doseg: 1,300 mi (2,092 km) bojni (1.770 km / 3.640 km)
- Višina leta: 44.000 ft (13.000 m) (13.400 m)
- Hitrost vzpenjanja: 4,750 ft/min (24,1 m/s) maks.
- Obremenitev kril: 53,4 lb/sq ft (260,9 kg/m²)
- Razmerje moč/teža: 0,16 KM/lb (0,27 kW/kg)
- Razmerje vzgon/upor: 13.5
Oborožitev
- Podtrupni nosilci:
- 2× 2.000 lb (907 kg) bomb ali odvrgljivih rezervoarjev; ali
- 2× 1.000 lb (454 kg) bomb ali odvrgljivih rezervoarjev
- 4× 500 lb (227 kg) bomb ali
- 4× 250 lb (113 kg) bomb; ali
- 6× 500 lb (227 kg) bomb; ali
- 6× 250 lb (113 kg) bomb
- Zunanji nosilci:
- 10× 5 in (127 mm) nevodenih raket HVAR; ali
- 2× 500 lb (227 kg) bombe; ali
- 2× 250 lb (113 kg) bombe
Glej tudi
[uredi | uredi kodo]- Lockheed XP-49
- Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning
- de Havilland Mosquito
- Focke-Wulf Fw 187
- Fokker G.I
- Hughes XF-11
- Kawasaki Ki-96
- Messerschmitt Me 210
- Mitsubishi Ki-83
- Northrop P-61 Black Widow
- Westland Whirlwind
- Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
- Richard Bong, letalski as
- Thomas McGuire, letalski as
Sklici in reference
[uredi | uredi kodo]- ↑ "Honduran Air Force." Arhivirano 2003-04-26 na Wayback Machine. aeroflight.co.uk. Retrieved: 10 October 2010.
- ↑ "Army Air Forces Statistical Digest - World War II. Table 82—Average Cost of Airplanes Authorized, by principal model: Fiscal Years 1939–1945". maxwell.af.mil. Retrieved: 7 February 2009.
- ↑ "P-38 Lightning." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 21 January 2007.
- ↑ "Lockheed P-38 Lightning Pilot's Flight Manual." USAAF, 1944. Retrieved: 14 December 2009.
- ↑ »P-38H/J/L Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions« (PDF). Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 23. julija 2012. Pridobljeno 7. februarja 2014.
Bibliografija
[uredi | uredi kodo]- Abela, Stephen. "Airfield Tales: Lincolnshire’s wartime legacy." www.jamesabela.co.uk (Video documentary), 2006.
- Bodie, Warren M. (1991). The Lockheed P-38 Lightning: The Definitive Story of Lockheed's P-38 Fighter. Hayesville, North Carolina: Widewing Publications. ISBN 0-9629359-5-6.
- Boyne, Walter J. Silver wings: A History of the United States Air Force. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. ISBN 0-67178-537-0.
- Bruning, John R. Jungle Ace. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2003. ISBN 1-61234-086-5.
- Caidin, Martin. Fork-tailed Devil. New York: Ballantine Books, 1983. ISBN 0-345-31292-9.
- Cain, Charles W. and Mike Jerram. Fighters of World War II. New York: Exeter Books, 1979. ISBN 0-89673-026-3.
- Cesarani, David and Sarah Kavanaugh. Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies, Volume 5. Abingdon, Oxford, UK: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-31871-8.
- Christy, Joe and Jeffrey L. Ethell. P-38 Lightning at War. New York: Scribners, 1977. ISBN 0-684-15740-3.
- Dimensione cielo. Caccia Assalto 3 – aerei italiani nella 2a guerra mondiale (in Italian). Rome: Edizioni Bizzarri, 1973. NO ISBN.
- Donald, David, ur. (1997). Lockheed P-38 Lightning. The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
- Dorr, Robert F. and David Donald. Fighters of the US Air Force: From World War I Pursuits to the F-117. New York: Military Press, 1990. ISBN 0-517-66994-3.
- Ethell, Jeffrey L. P-38 Lightning in World War II Color. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1994. ISBN 0-87938-868-4.
- Ethell, Jeffrey L. et al. "P-38 Lightning." The Great Book of World War II Airplanes (Originally published as 12 separate volumes for each individual aircraft). Tokyo: Bonanza Books, 1984. ISBN 0-517-45993-0.
- Francillon, René J. Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987. (Originally published by Putnam Aeronautical Books, London). ISBN 978-0-87021-897-2.
- Gunston, Bill. Aircraft of World War II. New York: Crescent Books, 1980. ISBN 0-517-31680-3.
- Gunston, Bill. The Illustrated History of Fighters. New York: Pocket Books, 1981. ISBN 0-671-05655-7.
- Hearn, Chester G. Air Force: An Illustrated History: The U.S. Air Force from 1907 to the 21st Century. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2008. ISBN 0-76033-308-4.
- Holls, Dave and Michael Lamm. A Century of Automotive Style: 100 Years of American Car Design. Stockton, California: Lamm-Morada Publishing Co., 1996. ISBN 978-0-93212-807-2.
- Kaplan, Philip and Andy Saunders. Little Friends: The Fighter Pilot Experience in World War II England. New York: Random House, 1991. ISBN 0-394-58434-1.
- Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945–1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- Maloney, Edward T. Lockheed P-38 "Lightning", Aero Series Vol. 19, Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1968.
- McFarland, Stephen L. A Concise History of the U.S. Air Force. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative edition 1997. ISBN 0-16049-208-4.
- Neulen, Hans Werner. In the Skies of Europe. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2000. ISBN 1-86126-799-1.
- Of Men and Stars: A History of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1913–1957. Burbank, California: Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1958.
- Schom, Alan. The Eagle and the Rising Sun: The Japanese–American War, 1941–1943, Pearl Harbor Through Guadalcanal. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004. ISBN 0-39304-924-8.
- Schnitzler, R., G.W. Feuchter and R. Schulz, eds. Handbuch der Luftfahrt (Manual of Aviation) (in German). Munich: J.F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1939.
- Scutts, Jerry. Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85532-448-2.
- Scutts, Jerry. Lockheed P-38 Lightning. London: The Crowood Press, 2006. ISBN 1-86126-770-3.
- Sgarlato, Nico. "I P-38 Italiani. (in Italian)". Aerei Nella Storia n.21, December 2000.
- Sims, Edward H. Fighter Tactics and Strategy 1914–1970. Fallbrook, California: Aero publisher Inc., 1980. ISBN 0-8168-8795-0.
- Spick, Mike. Fighter Pilot Tactics: The Techniques of Daylight Air Combat. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens, 1983. ISBN 0-85059-617-3.
- Spick, Mike (2002). Illustrated Directory of Fighters. St. Paul, Minnesota: Salamander Books. ISBN 0-7603-1343-1.
- Stanaway, John C. P-38 Lightning Aces of the Pacific and CBI. New York: Osprey, 1997. ISBN 1-85532-633-7.
- Stanaway, John C. P-38 Lightning Aces of the ETO/MTO. London: Osprey Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-698-1.
- Stanaway, John C. P-39 Airacobra Aces of World War 2. London: Osprey Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84176-204-0.
- Thompson, J. Steve with Peter C. Smith. Air Combat Manoeuvres: The Technique and History of Air Fighting for Flight Simulation. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-1-903223-98-7.
- Thornborough, Anthony M. and Peter E. Davies. Lockheed Blackbirds. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1988. ISBN 978-0-71101-794-8.
- Tillman, Barrett. Brassey's D-Day Encyclopedia: The Normandy Invasion A–Z. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books (formerly Brassey's, Inc.), 2004. ISBN 1-57488-760-2.
- United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1987.
- Villagrán Kramer, Francisco. Biografía política de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala City: Guatemala: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), 1993. ISBN 978-9-99397-201-3
Zunanje povezave
[uredi | uredi kodo]- Manual: (1943) AN 01-75FF-2 Erection and Maintenance Instructions for Army Model P-38L-1 Airplane
- "German Pilots Renamed It: Gabelschwanz Teufel (Fork-tailed Devil)", Popular Science, September 1943 Arhivirano 2012-10-10 na Wayback Machine.
- "Lockheed P-38 Flight Characteristics – 1943 Flight Training Film" na YouTubu
- "The Lockheed Lightning" a 1943 Flight article
- "Jap-hunting without a Gun!" a 1943 Lockheed advertisement in Flight
- "Lockheed Lightning (P-38/J)" a 1944 Flight article