Izraelske naselbine

Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije
Naselbine na območju Zahodnega brega (2020)
Naselbine na območju vzhodnega Jeruzalema (2006)
Naselbine na območju Golanske planote (modre pike, stanje leta 1992)

Izraelske naselbine ali kolonije[1][2][3][4] so civilne skupnosti, kjer živijo izraelski državljani, skoraj izključno judovske identitete ali etnične pripadnosti,[5][6][7] zgrajene na območjih, ki jih je Izrael zasedel med Šestdnevno vojno leta 1967.[8] Mednarodna skupnost meni, da so izraelske naselbine nezakonite po mednarodnem pravu,[9][10][11][12][13] Izrael pa temu oporeka.[14][15][16][17]

Izraelske naselbine trenutno obstajajo na Zahodnem bregu (vključno z vzhodnim Jeruzalemom), ki si ga Palestina lasti kot svoje ozemlje, in na Golanski planoti, ki mednarodno velja za sirsko ozemlje.[a] Vzhodni Jeruzalem in Golanska planota sta bili efektivno priključena Izraelu, kljub nasprotovanju mednarodne skupnosti, ki zavrača kakršnokoli spremembo statusa in ju obravnava kot okupirano ozemlje. Čeprav so naselbine na Zahodnem bregu na ozemlju, ki ga upravlja izraelska vojska in ne civilno pravo, je izraelsko civilno pravo "vpeljano" v naselja, tako da so tam živeči izraelski državljani obravnavani podobno kot tisti, ki živijo v Izraelu. Na Zahodnem bregu Izrael širi svoje obstoječe naselbine in poseljuje nova območja.[20][21][22][23][24]

Januarja 2023 je bilo na Zahodnem bregu 144 izraelskih naselbin, od tega 12 v vzhodnem Jeruzalemu.[25] Na Zahodnem bregu je več kot 100 Izraelskih naselbin, ki so nezakonite tudi po Izraelskem zakoniku. Skupaj več kot 450.000 izraelskih naseljencev živi na Zahodnem bregu, če pri tem ne štejemo vzhodnega Jeruzalema, kjer jih živi 220.000.[26][27] Na Golanski planoti živi več kot 25.000 izraelskih naseljencev. 18 izraelskih naselbin je bilo zgrajenih tudi na egiptovskem delu Sinajskega polotoka in 21 v Gazi. Po mirovnem sporazumu med Egiptom in Izraelom iz leta 1979 so bile evakuirane in demontirane vse naselbine v Egiptu. Poleg vseh naselbin v Gazi so bile kot del Izraelskega enostranskega umika iz Gaze leta 2005 demontirane tudi štiri naselbine na območju Zahodnega brega.[28]

Izrael je vzpostavil judovske soseske v vzhodnem Jeruzalemu in v okupiranem delu Golanske planote, ki ju je Izrael priključil, zato tamkajšnjega naseljevanja Izrael ne obravnava kot naselbine. Mednarodna skupnost obravnava obe ozemlji pod izraelsko okupacijo, kraje, ki so tam ustanovljeni, pa za nezakonite naselbine. Meddržavno sodišče je v svojem svetovalnem mnenju o pregradi na Zahodnem bregu iz leta 2004 ugotovilo, da so naselbine nezakonite.[29][30][31] Na Zahodnem bregu Izrael nadaljuje s širitvijo svojih preostalih naselbin in naseljevanjem novih območij,[32][33][34][35][36] kljub pritisku mednarodne skupnosti, naj s tem preneha.

Premestitev civilnega prebivalstva s strani okupacijske sile na ozemlje, ki ga zaseda, je vojni zločin.[37][38][39] Izrael zanika, da to velja za Zahodni breg.[40][41] Mednarodno kazensko sodišče je 20. decembra 2019 napovedalo preiskavo v Palestini glede domnevnih vojnih zločinov. Palestinci,[42] OIC[43] in Združeni narodi pogosto kritizirajo prisotnost in stalno širitev obstoječih naselbin s strani Izraela ter gradnjo novih naselbin kot oviro za izraelsko-palestinski mirovni proces.[44] Rusija,[45][46] Združeno kraljestvo,[47] Francija[48] in Evropska unija so ponovile te kritike.[49] Združeni narodi so večkrat podprli stališče, da izraelska gradnja naselbin pomeni kršitev Četrte ženevske konvencije.[50][51] ZDA so desetletja menile, da so naselbine »nelegitimne«,[44] dokler Trumpova administracija novembra 2019 ni spremenila tega stališča,[52] ko je izjavila, da »ustanovitev izraelskih civilnih naselbin na Zahodnem bregu sama po sebi ni v neskladju z mednarodnim pravom.« [53]

Opombe[uredi | uredi kodo]

  1. ↑ Leta 2019 so ZDA postale edina država, ki priznava Golanske planote kot del Izraela, preostali del mednarodne skupnosti pa jih še vedno šteje za sirsko ozemlje pod Izraelsko okupacijo.[18][19]

Sklici[uredi | uredi kodo]

  1. ↑ Matar, Ibrahim (1981). »Israeli Settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip«. Journal of Palestine Studies. 11 (1): 93–110. doi:10.2307/2536048. ISSN 0377-919X. JSTOR 2536048. The pattern and process of land seizure for the purpose of constructing these Israeli colonies...
  2. ↑ Isaac, Jad; Hilal, Jane (2011). »Palestinian landscape and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict«. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 68 (4): 413–429. doi:10.1080/00207233.2011.582700. ISSN 0020-7233. The continuous construction of Israeli colonies and bypass roads all over the Palestinian land...
  3. ↑ Thawaba, Salem (2019). »Building and planning regulations under Israeli colonial power: a critical study from Palestine«. Planning Perspectives. 34 (1): 133–146. doi:10.1080/02665433.2018.1543611. ISSN 0266-5433. Moreover in 1995 38,500 housing units were built in Jewish settlements (colonies)...
  4. ↑ Abu-Laban, Yasmine; Bakan, Abigail B. (2019). Israel, Palestine and the Politics of Race: Exploring Identity and Power in a Global Context. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-879-8. The ongoing occupation has been heavily shaped by the issues of land confiscation and the building of Israeli Jewish settlements (or what Palestinians often refer to less euphemistically as "colonies").
  5. ↑ Haklai, O.; Loizides, N. (2015). Settlers in Contested Lands: Territorial Disputes and Ethnic Conflicts. Stanford University Press. str. 19. ISBN 978-0-8047-9650-7. Pridobljeno 14. decembra 2018. the Israel settlers reside almost solely in exclusively Jewish communities (one exception is a small enclave within the city of Hebron).
  6. ↑ Dumper, M. (2014). Jerusalem Unbound: Geography, History, and the Future of the Holy City. Columbia University Press. str. 85. ISBN 978-0-231-53735-3. Pridobljeno 14. decembra 2018. This is despite huge efforts by successive governments to fragment and encircle Palestinian residential areas with exclusively Jewish zones of residence – the settlements.
  7. ↑ »Leave or let live? Arabs move in to Jewish settlements«. Reuters. 7. december 2014.
  8. ↑ Rivlin, P. (2010). The Israeli Economy from the Foundation of the State through the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. str. 143. ISBN 978-1-139-49396-3. Pridobljeno 14. decembra 2018. In the June 1967 Six Day War, Israel occupied the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Sinai Peninsula. Soon after, it began to build the first settlements for Jews in those areas.
  9. ↑ Roberts, Adam (1990). »Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967« (PDF). The American Journal of International Law. 84 (1): 85–86. doi:10.2307/2203016. JSTOR 2203016. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 15. februarja 2020. The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza.
  10. ↑ Pertile, Marco (2005). »'Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory': A Missed Opportunity for International Humanitarian Law?«. V Conforti, Benedetto (ur.). The Italian Yearbook of International Law. Zv. 14. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. str. 141. ISBN 978-90-04-15027-0. the establishment of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has been considered illegal by the international community and by the majority of legal scholars.
  11. ↑ Barak-Erez, Daphne (2006). »Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review«. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 4 (3): 548. doi:10.1093/icon/mol021. The real controversy hovering over all the litigation on the security barrier concerns the fate of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Since 1967, Israel has allowed and even encouraged its citizens to live in the new settlements established in the territories, motivated by religious and national sentiments attached to the history of the Jewish nation in the land of Israel. This policy has also been justified in terms of security interests, taking into consideration the dangerous geographic circumstances of Israel before 1967 (where Israeli areas on the Mediterranean coast were potentially threatened by Jordanian control of the West Bank ridge). The international community, for its part, has viewed this policy as patently illegal, based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention that prohibit moving populations to or from territories under occupation.
  12. ↑ Drew, Catriona (1997). »Self-determination and population transfer«. V Bowen, Stephen (ur.). Human rights, self-determination and political change in the occupied Palestinian territories. International studies in human rights. Zv. 52. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. str. 151–152. ISBN 978-90-411-0502-8. It can thus clearly be concluded that the transfer of Israeli settlers into the occupied territories violates not only the laws of belligerent occupation but the Palestinian right of self-determination under international law. The question remains, however, whether this is of any practical value. In other words, given the view of the international community that the Israeli settlements are illegal under the law if belligerent occupation, what purpose does it serve to establish that an additional breach of international law has occurred?
  13. ↑ Roberts, Adam (1990). »Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967«. The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. 84 (1): 85–86. doi:10.2307/2203016. JSTOR 2203016. S2CID 145514740. The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law.
  14. ↑ Kretzmer, David The occupation of justice: the Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories, SUNY Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7914-5337-7, ISBN 978-0-7914-5337-7, page 83
  15. ↑ Harel, Amos (24. oktober 2006). »Settlements grow on Arab land, despite promises made to U.S.«. Haaretz 24 October 2006. Haaretz. Pridobljeno 14. septembra 2010.
  16. ↑ Stone, Julius (2004). Lacey, Ian (ur.). International Law and the Arab-Israel Conflict: Extracts from "Israel and Palestine Assault on the Law of Nations" by Professor Julius Stone (2nd izd.). Jirlac Publications. ISBN 978-0-975-10730-0.
  17. ↑ Byron, Christine (2013). War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-847-79275-4.
  18. ↑ Aji, Albert (26. marec 2019). »Trump acceptance of Israeli control of Golan sparks protests«. Associated Press. Pridobljeno 29. marca 2019.
  19. ↑ »Trump's Golan move unites Gulf States and Iran in condemnation«. France 24. 26. marec 2019. Pridobljeno 31. marca 2019.
  20. ↑ Anthony Cordesman, Jennifer Moravitz, The Israeli–Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere, Greenwood Publishing Group, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2005 p. 432: 'Between 1993 and 1999, settlers established 42 "unofficial" settlements, only four of which were subsequently dismantled. More than a dozen new settlements were established between the 1998 Wye Accord [sic: it's the Wye River Memorandum, but Oslo Accords] and the outbreak of war, although former Prime Minister Netanyahu supposedly promised Clinton that he would halt expansion.'
  21. ↑ Zeev Maoz Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security & Foreign Policy, University of Michigan Press, 2006 p. 472: 'As can be seen from the table, in 1993 there were about 110,000 settlers in the occupied territories. In 2001 there were 195,000 (Note that the number of settlers increased by 18 percent during the Al Aqsa Intifada). This was an increase of 73 percent'
  22. ↑ Marwan Bishara, Palestine/Israel: Peace or Apartheid Zed Books, 2003 p. 133: 'The settlement expansion has continued unabated...and accelerated after the launch of the peace process.' p. 133.
  23. ↑ Baylis Thomas, The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for Security Through Dominance Lexington Books, 3011 p. 137: "Six years after the agreement there were more Israeli settlements, less freedom of movement, and worse economic conditions." Settlement building and roads for Jewish settlers proceeded at a frenetic pace under Barak – the classic Zionist maneuver of creating of facts on the ground to preclude a Palestinian state.' p. 137.
  24. ↑ Barahona, Ana (2013). Bearing Witness: Eight weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. str. 49. ISBN 978-1-908099-02-0.
  25. ↑ »Jerusalem«. Peace Now (v ameriški angleščini). Pridobljeno 5. januarja 2023.
  26. ↑ »Growth rate of settlements plummets to all-time low«. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com (v ameriški angleščini). Pridobljeno 1. junija 2022.
  27. ↑ »Population«. Peace Now (v ameriški angleščini). Pridobljeno 1. junija 2022.
  28. ↑ Gershom Gorenberg (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977. Macmillan. str. 363. ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8. So argued the government of Israel before the country's Supreme Court in the spring of 2005, defending its decision to dismantle all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip and four in the northern West Bank.
  29. ↑ »Summary of the Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004« (PDF). International Court of Justice. 9. julij 2004. str. 10. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 25. avgusta 2014. Pridobljeno 9. novembra 2011.
  30. ↑ »fco.gov.uk«. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 30. avgusta 2010.
  31. ↑ Regarding international organizations and courts of law, see »Archived copy« (PDF). Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 13. septembra 2014. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2014.{{navedi splet}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: arhivirana kopija kot naslov (povezava); regarding the UN, see UN General Assembly resolution 39/146, 14 December 1984; UN Security Council Resolution 446, 22 March 1979; and International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, para 120; Regarding the European Union position, see The Syrian Golan
  32. ↑ Anthony Cordesman, Jennifer Moravitz, The Israeli–Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere, Greenwood Publishing Group, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2005 p. 432: 'Between 1993 and 1999, settlers established 42 "unofficial" settlements, only four of which were subsequently dismantled. More than a dozen new settlements were established between the 1998 Wye Accord [sic: it's the Wye River Memorandum, but Oslo Accords] and the outbreak of war, although former Prime Minister Netanyahu supposedly promised Clinton that he would halt expansion.'
  33. ↑ Zeev Maoz Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security & Foreign Policy, University of Michigan Press, 2006 p. 472: 'As can be seen from the table, in 1993 there were about 110,000 settlers in the occupied territories. In 2001 there were 195,000 (Note that the number of settlers increased by 18 percent during the Al Aqsa Intifada). This was an increase of 73 percent'
  34. ↑ Marwan Bishara, Palestine/Israel: Peace or Apartheid Zed Books, 2003 p. 133: 'The settlement expansion has continued unabated...and accelerated after the launch of the peace process.' p. 133.
  35. ↑ Baylis Thomas, The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for Security Through Dominance Lexington Books, 3011 p. 137: "Six years after the agreement there were more Israeli settlements, less freedom of movement, and worse economic conditions." Settlement building and roads for Jewish settlers proceeded at a frenetic pace under Barak – the classic Zionist maneuver of creating of facts on the ground to preclude a Palestinian state.' p. 137.
  36. ↑ Barahona, Ana (2013). Bearing Witness: Eight weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. str. 49. ISBN 978-1-908099-02-0.
  37. ↑ Robert Cryer, Hakan Friman, Darryl Robinson, Elizabeth Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, Cambridge University Press 2010 p.308
  38. ↑ Ghislain Poissonnier, Eric David, 'Israeli Settlements in the West Bank, a War Crime?,' Revue des droits de l'homme, 2020.
  39. ↑ 'Status of Settlements Under International Law,' Arhivirano 25 August 2020 na Wayback Machine. Amnesty International pp.8,29f.
  40. ↑ Stone, Julius (2004). Lacey, Ian (ur.). International Law and the Arab-Israel Conflict: Extracts from "Israel and Palestine Assault on the Law of Nations" by Professor Julius Stone (2nd izd.). Jirlac Publications. ISBN 978-0-975-10730-0.
  41. ↑ Byron, Christine (2013). War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-847-79275-4.
  42. ↑ »Palestinians condemn settlements plan«. The Financial Times. 20. maj 2011. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 10. decembra 2022. Pridobljeno 27. marca 2012.
  43. ↑ "OIC Secretary General hails EU decision on Israeli settlements" Arhivirano 2 April 2015 na Wayback Machine.. United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine – OIC Statement to UN. Accessed 14 March 2015.
  44. ↑ 44,0 44,1 »Israeli settlement plan denounced«. BBC. 8. november 2009. Pridobljeno 16. marca 2010.
  45. ↑ »Israeli settlements – DW – 07/21/2009«. dw.com.
  46. ↑ »Russia's stance on Israeli settlements in West Bank remains unchanged — ministry«. TASS.
  47. ↑ »Britain: Israeli settlements are 'illegal' and 'obstacle' to peace«. Haaretz. 4. november 2009. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 15. januarja 2010. Pridobljeno 16. marca 2010.
  48. ↑ »France condemns Israel over settlement building decision«. Business Standard. 21. marec 2014. Pridobljeno 5. aprila 2014.
  49. ↑ »EU's Ashton SAYS Israeli settlement plans hurt peace moves«. Reuters. 15. marec 2010. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 1. februarja 2011. Pridobljeno 16. marca 2010.
  50. ↑ »UN Security Council Resolution 465«. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 19. septembra 2015.
  51. ↑ »What next for Gaza and West Bank?«. BBC. 30. avgust 2005. Pridobljeno 5. januarja 2010. Most Israelis support the pullout, but some feel the government has given in to Palestinian militant groups, and worry that further withdrawals will follow. Palestinian critics point out that Gaza will remain under Israeli control, and that they are being denied a political say in the disengagement process.
  52. ↑ »Jewish settlements no longer illegal – US« (v britanski angleščini). 18. november 2019. Pridobljeno 18. novembra 2019.
  53. ↑ »Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announces reversal of Obama-era stance on Israeli settlements«. www.cbsnews.com (v ameriški angleščini). 18. november 2019. Pridobljeno 18. novembra 2019.
Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: Izraelske naselbine.
Pridobljeno iz »https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izraelske_naselbine&oldid=6144759«