Ogled vira Hepatitis

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Hepatitis
| image           = Alcoholic_hepatitis.jpg
| caption         = Mikoskopski prikaz vzorca jeter pri [[alkoholni hepatitis|alkoholnem hepatitisu]] z zamaščenostjo jeter (beli krogi), ostanki odmrlih jetrnih celic in prisotnimi [[Malloryjevo telesce|Malloryjevimi telesci]] (celični vključki v obliki zvite vrvi). ([[Barvanje HE]])
| field           = [[infektologija]], [[gastroenterologija]], [[hepatologija]]
| pronounce       =
| symptoms        = [[zlatenica]], slab tek, bolečina v trebuhu<ref name=MedLine2016/><ref name=WHO2016QA/>
| complications   = [[jetrna ciroza]], [[jetrna odpoved]], [[rak jeter]]<ref name=NIH2016/>
| onset           =
| duration        = Short term or long term<ref name=MedLine2016/>
| causes          = [[virusi]], [[etanol|alkohol]], toksini, avtoimunski vzrok<ref name=WHO2016QA/><ref name=NIH2016/>
| risks           =
| diagnosis       =
| differential    =
| prevention      = cepljenje (proti nekaterim virusnim hepatitisom),<ref name=WHO2016QA/> izogibanje prekomernim količinam alkohola
| treatment       = zdravila, [[presaditev jeter]]<ref name=MedLine2016/><ref name=Trans2012/>
| medication      =
| frequency       = > 500 milijonov primerov<ref name=NIH2016/>
| deaths          = > 1 milijon letno<ref name=NIH2016/>
}}

'''Hepatítis''' pomeni [[vnetje]] [[jetra|jetrnega tkiva]].<ref name="MedlinePlus 2020">{{navedi splet | title=Hepatitis | website=MedlinePlus | date=20. 5. 2020| url=https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitis.html | access-date=19. 7. 2020 | quote=Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.}}</ref><ref name=NIH2016>{{navedi splet|title=Hepatitis|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hepatitis|website=NIAID|access-date=2. 11. 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002228/https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hepatitis|archive-date=4. 11. 2016}}</ref><ref name=MS>https://www.termania.net/slovarji/slovenski-medicinski-slovar/5518202/hepatitis?query=hepatitis&SearchIn=All, SLovenski medicinske e-slovar, vpogled: 4. 1. 2022.</ref> V nekaterih primerih poteka brezsimptomno, sicer pa se lahko kaže s [[slabost]]jo, [[bruhanje]]m, zmanjšanjem teka, [[driska|drisko]], [[utrujenost]]jo, [[vročina|vročino]], bolečinami in napetostjo v trebuhu, [[zlatenica|zlatenico]], povečanimi jetri in moteno jetrno funkcijo.<ref name=MS/><ref name=MedLine2016/><ref name=WHO2016QA/> 

Kadar izzveni v šestih mesecih ali prej, govorimo o '''akutnem hepatitisu''', če traja dlje, pa o '''kroničnem hepatitisu'''.<ref name=MedLine2016>{{navedi splet|title=Hepatitis|url=https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitis.html|website=MedlinePlus|access-date=10. 11. 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061624/https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitis.html|archive-date=11. 11. 2016}}</ref><ref>{{navedi splet|title=Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, and C) {{!}} ACG Patients|url=http://patients.gi.org/topics/viral-hepatitis/|website=patients.gi.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223163352/http://patients.gi.org/topics/viral-hepatitis/|archive-date=23. 2. 2017}}</ref> Akutni hepatitis lahko spontano izzveni, napreduje v kronično obliko, v redkih primerih pa tudi povzroči [[odpoved jeter]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bernal W. |author2=Wendon J. | year = 2013 | title = Acute Liver Failure | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 369 | issue = 26| pages = 2525–2534 | doi=10.1056/nejmra1208937| pmid=24369077}}</ref> Kronični hepatitis lahko vodi v [[jetrna ciroza|jetrno cirozo]], [[odpoved jeter]] ali [[rak jeter|raka jeter]].<ref name=NIH2016/>

Najpogosteje ga povzročajo [[virusi]], in sicer [[virus hepatitisa A]], [[virus hepatitisa B|B]], [[virus hepatitisa C|C]], [[virus hepatitisa D|D]] in [[virus hepatitisa E|E]].<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=WHO2016QA>{{navedi splet|title=What is hepatitis?|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/76/en/|website=WHO|access-date=10. 11. 2016|date=July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107003115/http://www.who.int/features/qa/76/en/|archive-date=7. 11. 2016}}</ref> V tem primeru govorimo o [[virusni hepatitis|virusnih hepatitisih]].<ref name=MS/> Hepatitisa A in E se prenašata zlasti preko okužene hrane ali vode,<ref name=NIH2016/> hepatitis B s spolnim odnosom, iz okužene matere na otroka med nosečnostjo ali porodom ali z okuženo krvjo,<ref name=NIH2016/> hepatitis C preko krvi, na primer z uporabo okuženega pribora pri injiciranju mamil,<ref name=NIH2016/> hepatitis D pa lahko okuži le osebe, ki so že okužene s hepatitisom B.<ref name=NIH2016/>

Drugi možni vzroki so uživanje prekomernih količin [[alkohol]]a ([[alkoholni hepatitis]]), [[avtoimunska bolezen]] ([[avtoimunski hepatitis]]), izpostavljenost nekaterim toksinom ali zdravilom, [[bakterijska okužba]]<ref name=WHO2016QA/><ref name=NIH2016/> in [[nealkoholni steatohepatitis]] (NASH).<ref name=NASH2014>{{navedi splet|title=Fatty Liver Disease (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis) |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/nonalcoholic-steatohepatitis/pages/facts.aspx |website=NIDDK |access-date=10. 11. 2016 |date=maj 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061658/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/nonalcoholic-steatohepatitis/pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=11. 11. 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 

Hepatitisi A, B in D se lahko preprečijo s [[cepivo|cepljenjem]].<ref name=WHO2016QA/> Za zdravljenje kroničnih hepatitisov so na voljo zdravila,<ref name=MedLine2016/> kronični hepatitis C se lahko z uporabo zdravil v večini primerov pozdravi in zdravljenje se priporoča za vse bolnike s kroničnimk hepatitisom (razen pri tistih s kratko pričakovano žvljenjsko dobo zaradi drugih bolezni).<ref name="AASLD-IDSA">{{Cite journal|last=AASLD/IDSA HCV Guidance Panel|date=2015-09-01|title=Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis C virus|journal=Hepatology|volume=62|issue=3|pages=932–954|doi=10.1002/hep.27950|issn=1527-3350|pmid=26111063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Za zdravljenje nealkoholnega steatohepatitisa specifična zdravila ne obstajajo, priporočajo pa se telesna dejavnost, zdrava prehrana in izguba telesne mase.<ref name=NASH2014/> Pri avtoimunskem hepatitisu so lahko učinkovita zdravila, ki zavirajo delovanje imunskega sistema.<ref>{{navedi splet|title=Autoimmune Hepatitis|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/autoimmune-hepatitis/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDK|access-date=10. 11. 2016|date=marec 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061856/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/autoimmune-hepatitis/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=11. 11. 2016}}</ref> V primeru akutne ali kronične jetrne odpovedi je lahko učinkovita [[presaditev jeter]].<ref name=Trans2012>{{navedi splet|title=Liver Transplant|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/liver-transplant/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDK|access-date=10. 11. 2016|date=april 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061924/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/liver-transplant/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=11. 11. 2016}}</ref>

Leta 2015 je bilo v svetovnem merilu okoli 114 milijonov bolnikov s hepatitisom A, 343 milijonov bolnikov s kroničnim hepatitisom B in 142 milijonov bolnikov s kroničnim hepatitisom C.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=[[The Lancet]]|date=October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|last1=Vos|first1=Theo|last2=Allen|first2=Christine|last3=Arora|first3=Megha|last4=Barber|first4=Ryan M.|last5=Bhutta|first5=Zulfiqar A.|last6=Brown|first6=Alexandria|last7=Carter|first7=Austin|last8=Casey|first8=Daniel C.|last9=Charlson|first9=Fiona J.|last10=Chen|first10=Alan Z.|last11=Coggeshall|first11=Megan|last12=Cornaby|first12=Leslie|last13=Dandona|first13=Lalit|last14=Dicker|first14=Daniel J.|last15=Dilegge|first15=Tina|last16=Erskine|first16=Holly E.|last17=Ferrari|first17=Alize J.|last18=Fitzmaurice|first18=Christina|last19=Fleming|first19=Tom|last20=Forouzanfar|first20=Mohammad H.|last21=Fullman|first21=Nancy|last22=Gething|first22=Peter W.|last23=Goldberg|first23=Ellen M.|last24=Graetz|first24=Nicholas|last25=Haagsma|first25=Juanita A.|last26=Hay|first26=Simon I.|last27=Johnson|first27=Catherine O.|last28=Kassebaum|first28=Nicholas J.|last29=Kawashima|first29=Toana|last30=Kemmer|first30=Laura|display-authors=29}}</ref> V Združenih državah Amerike je približno 11 milijonov bolnikov z NASH-om ter okoli 5 milijonov bolnikov z alkoholnim hepatitisom.<ref name=NASH2014/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Basra|first1=Sarpreet|title=Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis|journal=World Journal of Hepatology|date=2011|volume=3|issue=5|pages=108–13|doi=10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108|pmid=21731902|pmc=3124876}}</ref> Hepatitis povzroči v svetovnem merilu več kot milijov smrti letno, zlasti posredno zaradi ciroze in raka jeter.<ref name=NIH2016/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|date=October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|last1=Wang|first1=Haidong|last2=Naghavi|first2=Mohsen|last3=Allen|first3=Christine|last4=Barber|first4=Ryan M.|last5=Bhutta|first5=Zulfiqar A.|last6=Carter|first6=Austin|last7=Casey|first7=Daniel C.|last8=Charlson|first8=Fiona J.|last9=Chen|first9=Alan Zian|last10=Coates|first10=Matthew M.|last11=Coggeshall|first11=Megan|last12=Dandona|first12=Lalit|last13=Dicker|first13=Daniel J.|last14=Erskine|first14=Holly E.|last15=Ferrari|first15=Alize J.|last16=Fitzmaurice|first16=Christina|last17=Foreman|first17=Kyle|last18=Forouzanfar|first18=Mohammad H.|last19=Fraser|first19=Maya S.|last20=Fullman|first20=Nancy|last21=Gething|first21=Peter W.|last22=Goldberg|first22=Ellen M.|last23=Graetz|first23=Nicholas|last24=Haagsma|first24=Juanita A.|last25=Hay|first25=Simon I.|last26=Huynh|first26=Chantal|last27=Johnson|first27=Catherine O.|last28=Kassebaum|first28=Nicholas J.|last29=Kinfu|first29=Yohannes|last30=Kulikoff|first30=Xie Rachel|display-authors=29}}</ref> 

== Sklici ==
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[[Kategorija:Hepatitis|*]]
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