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Kremljologija

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Kremljologija (tudi kremlinologija) je veda, ki se ukvarja s preučevanjem in poročanjem politikov in politike Sovjetske zveze.[1] Izraz sovjetologija se splošneje nanaša na preučevanje politike Sovjetske zveze in nekdanjih komunističnih držav, a sta se izraza do razpada Sovjetske zveze uporabljala sopomensko. Za ustanovitelja kremljologije velja Aleksandra Zinovjeva.[2][3] Beseda izvira iz besede 'Kremelj', ki označuje sedež nekdanje sovjetske vlade in sedanje ruske vlade. Oseba, ki se strokovno oziroma akademsko ukvarja s kremljologijo se imenuje kremljolog. Termin se občasno napačno uporablja za izvedence ruskega prava ali pa za tranzitologe, ki preučujejo pravne, gospodarske in socialne vidike spremembe komunizma v prosti trg.

Zgodovina

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V akademski sovjetologiji je po drugi svetovni vojni prevladal 'totalitarni model' Sovjetske zveze, ki je izhajal iz absolutistične narave Josipa Stalina.[4] Totalitarni sistem je kot prvi v 50. letih 20. stoletja izpostavil politolog Carl Joachim Friedrich, ki je trdil, da so Sovjetska zveza in druge komunistične države totalitarni sistemi, Stalin pa da je predstavljal skoraj neomejeno moč velikega vodje ter kult osebnosti.[5]

V 60. letih 20. stoletja se je začela t.i. 'revizionistična šola', ki se je osredotočala na neodvisne inštitucije, ki bi lahko vplivale na poltiko na višjem nivoju.[6] Zgodovinar Matt Lenoe je revizionistično šolo opisal kot strujo, ki zanika predpostavko, da je Sovjetska zveza avtoritarna država, ki si želi svetovne nadvlade ter jo označuje za napačno ali preveč poenostavljeno. Privrženci šole so se navadno zanimali za socialno zgodovino ter trdili, da se je moralo vodstvo Komunistične partije prilagoditi socialnim razmeram.[7] Privrženci revizionistične šole so bili najbolj dejavni v sovjetskih arhivih, zgodovinarji, kot sta J. Arch Getty in Lynne Viola, pa sta najbolj izpodbijala totalitarni pristop k sovjetski zgodovini.[8][9]

Tehnike

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Med hladno vojno je pomanjkanje zanesljivih informacij Zahod prisililo v analiziranje podrobnosti kot so zamenjave portretov, razporeditve sedežnega reda za vojaške parade ipd., ki so jim namigovale o delovanju sovjetske politike.

Kremljologi za preučevanje odnosov z ostalimi komunističnimi državami preučujejo izjave posameznih Komunističnih partij ter pri tem iščejo razne omilitve in razlike v posameznih odredbah. Preučujejo tudi opise državniških obiskov ter gostoljubje do posamičnih poslanikov tujih držav. Preučuje tudi rituale in pripisuje pomene nenavadnim odsotnostim političnih izjav ob danih praznikih in obletnicah.[10]

V nemščini se pojavlja izraz Kreml-Astrologie (dob. »kremeljska astrologija«), ki nakazuje na dejstvo, da so bila predvidevanja analitikov pogosto nenatančna in dvoumna ali celo napačna.

Izraz 'kremljologija' se uporablja tudi za vedo, ki preučuje politiko današnje Ruske federacije.[11] Čeprav Sovjetska zveza ne obstaja več, pa se za nekatere druge države s skrivnostnim vodstvom, kot je Severna Koreja, še vedno uporablja kremljološke tehnike.[12] Takšna preučevanja se občasno imenujejo 'pjongjangologija'.[13]

Sklici

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  1. ↑ »"Kremlinology" definition«. merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster Online. Pridobljeno 16. februarja 2015. Definition of Kremlinology: the study of the policies and practices of the former Soviet government
  2. ↑ Yury Solodukhin (2009). "The Logical Doctrine of Alexander Zinoviev" (Alexander Alexandrovich Zinoviev). Moscow: Rosspen. str. 133–152.
  3. ↑ Karl Kantor (2009). "The Logical Sociology of Alexander Zinoviev as a Social Philosophy" (v ruščini).
  4. ↑ Sarah Davies; James Harris (8. september 2005). »Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas«. Stalin: A New History. Cambridge University Press. str. 3. ISBN 978-1-139-44663-1. Academic Sovietology, a child of the early Cold War, was dominated by the 'totalitarian model' of Soviet politics. Until the 1960s it was almost impossible to advance any other interpretation, in the USA at least.
  5. ↑ Sarah Davies; James Harris (8. september 2005). »Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas«. Stalin: A New History. Cambridge University Press. str. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-139-44663-1. In 1953, Carl Friedrich characterised totalitarian systems in terms of five points: an official ideology, control of weapons and of media, use of terror, and a single mass party, 'usually under a single leader'. There was of course an assumption that the leader was critical to the workings of totalitarianism: at the apex of a monolithic, centralised, and hierarchical system, it was he who issued the orders which were fulfilled unquestioningly by his subordinates.
  6. ↑ Sarah Davies; James Harris (8. september 2005). »Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas«. Stalin: A New History. Cambridge University Press. str. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-139-44663-1. Tucker's work stressed the absolute nature of Stalin's power, an assumption which was increasingly challenged by later revisionist historians. In his Origins of the Great Purges, Arch Getty argued that the Soviet political system was chaotic, that institutions often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted to a considerable extent in responding, on an ad hoc basis, to political crises as they arose. Getty's work was influenced by political science of the 1960s onwards, which, in a critique of the totalitarian model, began to consider the possibility that relatively autonomous bureaucratic institutions might have had some influence on policy-making at the highest level.
  7. ↑ Lenoe, Matt (2002). »Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does It Matter?«. The Journal of Modern History. 74 (2): 352–380. doi:10.1086/343411. ISSN 0022-2801. S2CID 142829949.
  8. ↑ Sarah Davies; James Harris (8. september 2005). »Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas«. Stalin: A New History. Cambridge University Press. str. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-139-44663-1. Tucker's work stressed the absolute nature of Stalin's power, an assumption which was increasingly challenged by later revisionist historians. In his Origins of the Great Purges, Arch Getty argued that the Soviet political system was chaotic, that institutions often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted to a considerable extent in responding, on an ad hoc basis, to political crises as they arose. Getty's work was influenced by political science of the 1960s onwards, which, in a critique of the totalitarian model, began to consider the possibility that relatively autonomous bureaucratic institutions might have had some influence on policy-making at the highest level.
  9. ↑ Sheila, Fitzpatrick (2007). »Revisionism in Soviet History«. History and Theory. 46 (4): 77–91. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x. ISSN 1468-2303. [...] the Western scholars who in the 1990s and 2000s were most active in scouring the new archives for data on Soviet repression were revisionists (always 'archive rats') such as Arch Getty and Lynne Viola.
  10. ↑ Lawson, Eugene K. (1984). The Sino-Vietnamese Conflict. Praeger. str. 8–9.
  11. ↑ Poland is in the Eurasian Union: the mythology of Russian-Polish relations. Eurasian Club East - West, October 2012 Arhivirano 2012-12-07 na Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ Salmon, Andrew (2. januar 2012). »'Kremlinology' used to watch North Korea«. The Washington Times. Pridobljeno 10. januarja 2019.
  13. ↑ Nakagawa, Ulara (29. september 2010). »The Art of 'Pyongyangology?'«. The Diplomat. Pridobljeno 25. januarja 2019.
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