Uporabnik:SirFranzPaul/peskovnik

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Grb Romunije[uredi | uredi kodo]

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Grb Romunije
Različice
Grb kot se pojavi na osebnih izkaznicah
in ministrskih pečatih
Podrobno
Nosilec grbaRomunija
Sprejet11. julij 2016 (trenutna različica)
ŠčitAzure, a crowned eagle displayed Or beaked and membered Gules holding in its beak an Orthodox Cross Or, in its dexter talon a sword, and in its sinister talon a sceptre Argent, and bearing on its breast an escutcheon quarterly: I, Azure, an eagle displayed Or beaked and membered Gules holding in its beak an Orthodox Cross Or, in dexter chief a sun in splendour and in sinister chief an increscent of the last (for Wallachia); II, gules, a bull's head caboshed Sable, in dexter base a rose, in sinister base a decrescent Argent, and between the bull's horns a mullet Or (for Western Moldavia); III, Gules, issuant from water in base Azure a bridge of two arches embattled throughout, thereon a lion rampant Or brandishing a sabre proper (for Oltenia and Banat); IV, Per fess Azure and Or, a bar Gules issuant therefrom an eagle displayed Sable between in sinister chief a decrescent Argent and in dexter chief a sun in splendour Or; in base seven castles Gules (for Transylvania); Entée en point, Azure, two dolphins urinant respectant Or (for Dobruja)
Zgodnje različice
Grb Republike Romunije do leta 2016 ni vključeval Jeklene krone

Mali grb Kraljevine Romunije med leti 1921 in 1947
UporabaNa denarju, v učilnicah, v parlamentu, na državnih stavbah, na potnih listih, na osebnih izkaznicah, v glavah uradnih dokumentov in diplom

Grbf Romunije was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania. The current coat of arms is based on the lesser coat of arms of interwar Kingdom of Romania (used between 1922 and 1947), which was designed in 1921 by the Transylvanian Hungarian heraldist József Sebestyén from Cluj, at the request of King Ferdinand I of Romania, it was redesigned by Victor Dima.[1] As a central element, it shows a golden aquila holding a cross in its beak, and a mace and a sword in its claws. It also consists of the three colors (red, yellow, and blue) which represent the colors of the national flag. The coat of arms was augmented on 11 July 2016 to add a representation of the Steel Crown of Romania.

Zgodovina[uredi | uredi kodo]

Glavni članek: Romunska heraldika.

The idea behind the design of the coat of arms of Romania dates from 1859, when the two Romanian countries, Wallachia and Moldavia, united under Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza. Then the two heraldic symbols, the golden aquila and the aurochs, were officially juxtaposed.

Until 1866, there were many variants of the coat of arms, regarding the background color and the number of times the two main elements where represented. In 1866, after Carol I was elected Prince of Romania, the shield was divided into quarters: in the first and fourth an eagle was depicted, and in the second and third the aurochs; above the shield the arms of the reigning Hohenzollern family was placed. After 1872, the coat of arms included the symbol of southern Bessarabia (after 1877, of Dobruja), two dolphins, in the fourth quarter; and the one of Oltenia, a golden lion, in the third quarter; on the shield the Steel Crown was placed, as a symbol of sovereignty and independence, after the Romanian War of Independence.

The coat of arms remained unchanged until 1921, after World War I, when Transylvania was united with the Kingdom of Romania. Then the coat of arms of Transylvania was placed in the fourth quarter, with the Turul (almost all motivs including the supposed Turul can be found in the "Notita Dignitatum[2]" in form of late roman empire shield designs) replaced by a black aquila, the third quarter depicted the coat of arms of Banat (the bridge of Apollodorus of Damascus and a golden lion), and the coat of arms of Dobruja was placed in an insertion. The shield was placed on the chest of a golden crossed and crowned aquila, as a symbol of the Latinity of the Romanians. The aquila was placed on a blue shield, capped with the Steel Crown. The coat of arms had three versions: lesser, middle (with supporters and motto), and greater (the middle arms on a red mantle lined with ermine). The coat of arms was designed by Transylvanian Hungarian József Sebestyén Keöpeczi, who was recommended by Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș.[3][4]

After 1948, the Communist authorities changed both the flag and the coat of arms. The coat of arms was rather an emblem, faithful to the Communist pattern: a landscape (depicting a rising sun, a tractor and an oil drill) surrounded by stocks of wheat tied together with a cloth in the colors of the national flag. Until 1989, there were four variants, the first being changed shortly after 1948 (the proclamation of the republic), again changed in 1952 (a red star was added), and finally in 1965, when Romania ceased to be a People's Republic and became a Socialist Republic.

Immediately after the 1989 Revolution, the idea came up of giving Romania a new, representative coat of arms. In fact, the very symbol of the Revolution was the flag with a hole in its middle where the communist coat of arms had been cut out.

The heraldic commission set up to design a new coat of arms for Romania worked intensely, subjecting to the Parliament two final designs which were then combined. What emerged is the current design adopted by the two chambers of the Romanian Parliament in their joint session on September 10, 1992.

In April 2016, deputies of the Judiciary Committee endorsed a bill voted previously by the Senate[5] that returns the crown on the head of the eagle and mandates the public authorities to replace the existing emblems and seals to those provided by law until 31 December 2018 (to mark the centenary of the Union of Transylvania with Romania on 1 December 1918).[6] The bill was adopted by the Chamber of Deputies on 8 June 2016[7] and promulgated by President Klaus Iohannis on 11 July 2016.[8]

Opis[uredi | uredi kodo]

Predloga:Symbols of Romania The shield surmounting the eagle is divided into five fields, one for each historical province of Romania with its traditional symbol:

Romania's coat of arms has as a central element the golden aquila holding an Orthodox cross. Traditionally, this eagle appears in the arms of the Argeș county, the town of Pitești and the town of Curtea de Argeș. It stands for the "nest of the Basarabs", the nucleus around which Wallachia was organised.

Since July 11, 2016 the coat of arms has been altered to include the heraldic representation of the Steel Crown of King Carol. A symbol of its royal past and a token for the period during 1881 and 1947 when Romania was a monarchy, ruled by the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen house through its Romanian branch, founded by Carol.

The aquila, being the symbol of Latinity and a heraldic bird of the first order, symbolises courage, determination, the soaring toward great heights, power, grandeur. It is to be found also in Transylvania's coat of arms.

The shield on which it is placed is azure, symbolising the sky. The eagle holds in its talons the insignia of sovereignty: a mace and a sword, the latter reminding of Moldavia's ruler, Stephen the Great whereas the mace reminds of Michael the Brave, the first unifier of the Romanian Countries. On the bird's chest there is a quartered escutcheon with the symbols of the historical Romanian provinces (Wallachia, Oltenia, Moldavia, Bessarabia, Transylvania, the Banat, Crisana, Maramureș) as well as two dolphins reminding of the country's Black Sea Coast (Dobruja).

In the first quarter, Wallachia's coat of arms, an aquila or holding in its beak a golden Orthodox cross, accompanied by a golden sun on the right and a golden new moon on the left, is displayed against an azure background.

In the second quarter, Moldavia's traditional coat of arms is shown, gules: an aurochs head sable with a mullet of or between its horns, a cinquefoil rose on the dexter and a waning crescent on the sinister, both argent.

The third quarter features the traditional coat of arms of the Banat and Oltenia, gules: over waves, a golden bridge with two arched openings (symbolising Roman emperor Trajan's Bridge over the Danube), wherefrom comes a golden lion holding a broadsword in its right forepaw.

The fourth quarter shows the coat of arms of Transylvania, Maramureș and Crișana: a shield parted by a narrow fesse, gules; in the chief, on azure, there is a black aquila with golden beak coming out of the fesse, accompanied by a golden sun on the dexter and a crescent argent on the sinister (symbolizing the Székelys); on the base, on or, there are seven crenellated towers, placed four and three (symbolizing the Saxons).

Also represented are the lands adjacent to the Black Sea (Dobruja), on azure: two dolphins affronts, head down.

Galerija[uredi | uredi kodo]

Glej tudi[uredi | uredi kodo]

Sklici[uredi | uredi kodo]

  1. »Creatorul stemei României, fără drepturi de autor« (v romunščini). Adevărul. 27. februar 2010. Arhivirano iz spletišča dne 29. avgusta 2016. Pridobljeno 23. junija 2016.
  2. Tomlin, R. S. O. (7. marec 2016), »Notitia Dignitatum«, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4459, ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5, pridobljeno 24. decembra 2022
  3. »The Hungarian designer behind Romania's coat of arm«. Transylvania Now (v ameriški angleščini). 4. marec 2020. Pridobljeno 10. novembra 2023.
  4. Drăgan-George Basarabă, "Marea Unire și identitatea heraldică a Banatului", in Heraldica Moldaviae, Vol. IV, 2021, pp. 174–175
  5. »Senatul a aprobat modificarea stemei Romaniei. Cum va arata noul simbol« (v romunščini). Pro TV. 16. februar 2016. Pridobljeno 27. aprila 2016.
  6. Cătălina Mănoiu (19. april 2016). »Data până la care trebuie readusă coroana pe stema țării«. Gândul.
  7. »Camera Deputaților a adoptat proiectul care modifică stema țării«. Mediafax (v romunščini). 8. junij 2016. Pridobljeno 8. junija 2016.
  8. »Coroana revine pe stema României. Iohannis a promulgat legea care modifică însemnele oficiale – FOTO« (v romunščini). Mediafax. 11. julij 2016. Pridobljeno 11. julija 2016.

Zunanje povezave[uredi | uredi kodo]

Seznam koroških vladarjev[uredi | uredi kodo]

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Vojvoda Koroške
Zadnji vladar
Karel I.
(21. november 1916 - november 1918)
Podatki
Nagovornjegovo visočanstvo (?)
Prvi nosilecHenrik III. Bavarski
Zadnji nosilecKarel I. Habsburško-Lotarinški
Uveljavitev976
Opustitev1918
PretendentKarl von Habsburg

Seznam koroških vladarjev zajema vse kneze, grofe in vojvode, ki so imeli vodilno oblast na Koroškem.

Karantanija[uredi | uredi kodo]

Kneževina Karantanija[uredi | uredi kodo]

Na ozemlju današnje Zvezne dežele Koroške in severne Slovenije se je

Slika Ime Vladavina Opombe
Valuk ok. 631 - 662 Prvi znani knez Alpskih Slovanov. Med njegovo vladavino je bila Karantanija del Samove plemenske zveze.
Borutovci
Borut 740 - 750 Prvi krščanski knez Karantanije. Zaradi avarske nevarnosti okoli leta 740 sklene zaveznoštvo z Bavarci, s tem pa Karantanijo podredi Frankovski državi.
Gorazd 750 - 751 Borutov sin. Po frankovski nadvladi je skupaj z bratrancem Hotimirjem poslan na Bavarsko, kjer prejme krščansko vzgojo.
Hotimir 752 - 769 Borutov nečak in Gorazdov bratranec. Na njegovo pobudo v Karantanijo prispe več misionarjev, med drugimi tudi Sv. Modest.
Povezanost nadaljnih knezov ni znana
Valtunk 772 - konec 8. stoletja Zaradi velikega protikrščanskega upora (769 - 772) je knežji prestol zasedel šele leta 772.
Na Valtunku temelji knez Valjhun iz Prešerenovega dela Krst pri Savici, ki je v delu omenjen kot Kajtimarjev (Hotimirjev) sin.
Domislav konec 8. stoletja - ok. 802 Blaženi, znan kot Domicijan Koroški. Ustanovil je samostan Millstatt Znano je, da je imel ženo Marijo ter nekaj sinov.
Pribislav ok. 800
Semik začetek 9. stoletja
Stojmir začetek 9. stoletja Zadnji domači knez Karantanije.
Etgar ok. 820 - 828 Prvi neslovanski vodja Karantanije ter zadnji karantanski knez. Odstavljen v korist Helmwinu.
Karantanija popolnoma izgubi samostojnost.

Grofija Karantanija[uredi | uredi kodo]

Slika Ime Vladavina Opombe
Helmwin ok. 828 Prvi karantanski grof bavarskega rodu.
Albgar 30. ali 40. leta 9. stoletja
Pabo pred 844 - 860 Tako kot Pribinova žena je izhajal iz družine Wilhelminov. Svoj položaj izgubi med Karlmanovim uporom.
Gundakar 860 - 869 Mesto grofa mu je dal Karlman II. Slednjemu se leta 869 skupaj z Kocljem in Velikomoravsko upre in umre v boju.
Arnulf Koroški ok. 870 - 876 Arnulf območje Karantanije prejme po sporazumu med Karlmanom in očetom Ludvikom.

Regnum Carantanum[uredi | uredi kodo]

Slika Ime Vladavina Zakonec Opombe
Arnulf Koroški 876 - 887 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Ko leta 887 postane vladar Vzhodnofrankovske države oblikuje Koroško krajino.

Koroška krajina[uredi | uredi kodo]

Vojvodina Koroška[uredi | uredi kodo]

Slika Grb Ime Vladavina Zakonec Opombe
Liutpoldinci
Henrik III. Bavarski 976 - 978 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Salijci
Oton I. Koroški 978 - 985 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Liutpoldinci
Henrik III. Bavarski 985 - 989 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Ponovno.
Otoni
Henrik II. Bavarski 989 - 995 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Henrik II. Sveti 995 - 1002 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Salijci
Oton I. Koroški 1002 - 1004 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Konrad I. Koroški 1004 - 1011 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Eppensteinci
Adalbero, Koroški vojvoda 1011 - 1035 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Salijci
Konrad II. Koroški 1035 - 1039 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Henrik III. Nemški 1039 - 1047 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Welfi
Welf Koroški 1047 - 1055 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Ezzonidi
Konrad III. Koroški 1055 - 1061 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Zähringi
Bertold II. Koroški vojvoda 1061 - 1077 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Eppensteinci
Leopold Eppensteinski 1077 - 1090 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Henrik III. 1090 - 1122 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Spanheimi
Henrik IV. Koroški 1122 - 1123 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Engelbert I. Spanheimski 1123 - 1134 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Ulrik I. Spanheimski 1134 - 1144 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Henrik V. Koroški 1144 - 1161 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Herman Spanheimski 1161 - 1181 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Ulrik II. Spanheimski 1181 - 1201 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Bernard Spanheimski 1201 - 1256 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino.
Ulrik III. Spanheim 1248 - 1269 Neža Meranska (por. 1215, † 1263)

Neža Badenska (por. 1250, † 1295)

Prapravnuk Engelberta III., hkrati tudi mejni grof Kranjske.
Přemyslidi
Otokar II. Přemysl 1269 - 1276 Margareta Avstrijska (por. 1252, raz. pred 1261)

Kunigunda Slavonska (por. 1261)

Hkrati tudi češki kralj, vojvoda Avstrije in Štajerske ter mejni grof Kranjske.
Habsburžani
Rudolf I. Habsburški 1276 - 1286 Gertruda Hohenberška (por. 1251, † 1281)

Izabela Burgundska (por. 1284)

Hkrati tudi nemški kralj, prvi habsburški vladar Kranjske.
Majnhardovci
Majnhard IV. Goriški 1286 - 1295 Elizabeta Bavarska (por. 1258, † 1273) Hkrati tudi kranjski mejni grof ter goriški in tirolski grof.
Oto III. Koroški 1295 - 1310 Evfemija Legniška (por. 1297) Majnhardov sin, hkrati tudi kranjski mejni grof in tirolski grof. Sovladal je z bratoma Henrikom in Ludvikom.
Henrik Koroški 1295 - 1335 Ana Češka (por. 1306, † 1313)

Adelajda Brunswiška (por. 1313, † 1324) Beatrice Savojska (por. 1327, † 1331)

Brat Ota III., hkrati tudi kranjski mejni grof, češki kralj ter tirolski in savinjski vojvoda. Sovladal je z bratoma Otom III. in Ludvikom.
Ludvik Goriško-Tirolski 1295 - 1305 / Henrikov brat, hkrati tudi kranjski mejni grof, češki kralj ter tirolski in savinjski vojvoda. Sovladal je z bratoma Otom III. in Henrikom. Umrl brez potomcev.
Habsburžani
Albreht II. Avstrijski 1364 - 1365 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Vnuk Rudolfa I., hkrati tudi avstrijski in štajerski vojvoda ter kranjski mejni grof. Sovladal je z bratom Otom.
Oto IV. Avstrijski 1364 - 1365 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Brat Albrehta II., hkrati tud avstrijski in štajerski vojvoda ter kranjski mejni grof. Sovladal je z bratom Albrehtom II.
Rudolf IV. Ustanovitelj 1364 - 1365 Katarina Češka (por. 1357) Sin Albrehta II., hkrati tudi avstrijski, štajerski in koroški vojvoda ter tirolski grof.
Albreht III. 1365 - 1379 Elizabeta Češka (por. 1366, † 1373)

Beatrice Nuremberška (por. 1375)

Brat Rudolfa IV., hkrati tudi avstrijski, štajerski in kranjski vojvoda ter tirolski grof. Sovladal je z bratom Leopoldom III.
Leopold III. 1365 - 1386 Viridis Visconti (por. 1365) Začetnik leopoldinske veje Habsburžanov, brat Albrehta III., hkrati tudi avstrijski, štajerski in kranjski vojvoda ter tirolski grof. Sovladal je z bratom Albrehtom III.
Viljem 1386 - 15. julij 1406 Jadwiga Poljska (por. 1385, loč. 1385) (?)

Ivana II. Neapeljska (por. 1401)

Sin Leopolda III., prvi vladar z nazivom vladarjanotranjeavstrijskih dežel, hkrati tudi avstrijski vojvoda in tirolski grof.
Ernest Železni 15. julij 1406 - 10. junij 1424 Margareta Pomeranska (por. 1392, † 1407 ali 1410)

Cimburga Masovijska (por. 1412)

Viljemov brat, kot vladar Notranje Avstrije tudi kranjski in štajerski vojvoda.

Bil je zadnji koroški vojvoda ustoličen na knežjem kamnu.

Friderik III. 10. junij 1424 - 19. avgust 1493 Eleanora Portugalska (por. 1452, † 1467) Ernestov sin, sveti rimski cesar, kot vladar Notranje Avstrije tudi kranjski in štajerski vojvoda. Do leta 1463 je sovladal z bratom Albertom VI.
Albert VI. 19. avgust 1493 - 2. december 1463 Mehthilda Palatinska (por. 1452) Brat Friderika III. Do svoje smrti leta 1463 je sovladal z bratom Albertom VI.
Maksimilijan I. 19. avgust 1493 - 12. januar 1512 Marija Burgundska (por. 1477, † 1482)

Ana Bretanska (por. 1490, raz.1492) Bianka Marija Sforza (por. 1494, † 1510)

Edini preživeli sin Friderika III., sveti rimski cesar, avstrijski nadvojvoda.
Karel V. 12. januar 1512 - 21. april 1521 Izabela Portugalska (por. 1526, † 1539) Maksimilijanov vnuk, sveti rimski cesar, avstrijski nadvojvoda in hkrati tudi španski kralj.
Ferdinand I. 21. april 1521 - 25. julij 1564 Ana Jagelo Ogrska (por. 1521, † 1547) Brat Karla V., sveti rimski cesar, avstrijski nadvojvoda in hkrati kralj Češke, Hrvaške in Ogrske.
Karel II. 25. julij 1564 - 10. julij 1590 Marija Ana Bavarska (por. 1571) Ferdinandov sin, nadvojvoda Notranje Avstrije.
Ferdinand II. 10. julij 1590 - 15. februar 1637 Eleonora Gonzaga (por. 1622) Sin Karla II., sveti rimski cesar in hkrati tudi češki kralj ter avstrijski nadvojvoda. Leta 1619 podeduje posestva vseh habsburških vej.
Ferdinand III. 15. februar 1637 - 2. april 1657 Marija Ana Španska (por. 1631, † 1646)

Marija Leopoldina Avstrijska (por. 1648, † 1649)

Eleonora Gonzaga (por. 1651)

Sin Ferdinanda II.
Leopold I. 2. april 1657 - 5. maj 1705 Marija Terezija Španska (por. 1666, † 1673)

Klavdija Felicija Avstrijska (por. 1673, † 1676)

Eleonora Magdalena Neuburška (por. 1676)

Sin Ferdinanda III.
Jožef I. 5. maj 1705 - 17. april 1711 Vilhelmina Amalija Brunswiška (por. 1696) Sin Leopolda I.
Karel VI. 17. april 1711 - 20. oktober 1740 Elizabeta Kristina Brunswiška (por. 1708) Brat Jožefa I.
Marija Terezija 20. oktober 1740 - 29. november 1780 Franc I., svetorimski cesar (por. 1736, † 1765) Hči Karla VI. Njen zakon s Francem I. pomeni začetek Habsburško-Lotarinške rodbine. Med svojo vladavino je uveljavila mnogo reform na področju šolstva in tlačanstva. Od leta 1765 naprej je sovladala s sinom Jožefom II.
S poroko Marije Terezije Habsburške in Franca I. Štefana Lotarinškega se vzpostavi rodbina Habsburško-Lotarinških
Jožef II. 1765 - 20. februar 1790 Izabela Burbonsko-Parmska (por. 1760, † 1763)

Marija Jožefa Bavarska (por. 1765, † 1766)

Sin Marije Terezije. Na oblast je prišel kot njen sovladar in je nadaljeval njene reforme.
Leopold II. 30. september 1790 - 1. marec 1792 Marija Luiza Španska (por. 1765) Sin Marije Terezije in brat Jožefa II.
Franc I. 1. marec 1792 - 2. marec 1835 Marija Terezija Siciljska († 1807)

Marija Ludovika Modenska (por. 1808, † 1816)
Karolina Avgusta Bavarska (por. 1816)

Sin Leopolda II., zadnji svetorimski in prvi avstrijski cesar. V času njegove vladavine je bila Kranjska med leti 1809 in 1813 del Ilirskih provinc, posebne enote Francoskega cesarstva, zatem pa še osrednji del Ilirskega kraljestva v okviru Avstrijskega cesarstva.
Ferdinand I. 2. marec 1835 - 2. december 1848 Marija Ana Sardinska (por. 1831) Sin Franca I., zaradi duševne zaostalosti med revolucijami leta 1848 odstopi v korist svojemu nečaku Francu Jožefu.
Franc Jožef 2. december 1848 - 21. november 1916 Elizabeta Bavarska (por. 1854, † 1898) Nečak Ferdinanda I., najdlje vladajoči kranjski vojvoda. Leta 1949 razpusti Ilirsko kraljestvo.
Karel I. 21. november 1916 - november 1918 Cita Burbonsko-Parmska (por. 1911) Pranečak Franca Jožefa, zadnji kranjski vojvoda.